Oxidative Stress of Office Workers Relevant to Tobacco Smoking and Inner Air Quality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Subjects and Data Collection
2.2. Urine Sample Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. urinary Cotinine and 8-OHdG of All Subjects
Smoking status | Females | Males | All | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Means (SD a) | N | Means (SD a) | p-value | N | Means (SD a) | |||||||
Cotinine (μg/g creatinine) | |||||||||||||
Non-smoker | 270 | 2.36 (1.29) | 41 | 2.57 (1.60) | 0.346 | 311 | 2.39 (1.33) | ||||||
Ex-smoker | 10 | 3.90 (1.37) | 23 | 4.34 (2.34) | 0.586 | 33 | 4.21 (2.08) | ||||||
Smoker | 20 | 13.7 (6.38) | 25 | 12.3 (4.75) | 0.397 | 45 | 12.9 (5.51) | ||||||
Total | 300 | 3.17 (3.49) | 89 | 5.76 (5.11) | <0.001 | 389 | 3.76 (4.06) | ||||||
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
8-OHdG (μg/g creatinine) | |||||||||||||
Non-smoker | 270 | 5.07 (2.88) | 41 | 5.08 (2.56) | 0.963 | 311 | 5.08 (2.84) | ||||||
Ex-smoker | 10 | 5.65 (2.85) | 23 | 6.05 (2.76) | 0.705 | 33 | 5.93 (2.75) | ||||||
Smoker | 20 | 11.3 (3.39) | 25 | 10.6 (3.49) | 0.534 | 45 | 10.9 (3.96) | ||||||
Total | 300 | 5.51 (3.39) | 89 | 6.88 (3.71) | 0.001 | 389 | 5.81 (3.53) | ||||||
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
3.2. The Association between Urinary 8-Ohdg and Cotinine
Variables (n) | Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval) |
---|---|
Age, years old | |
<29 (101) | 1.0 |
30–39 (168) | 0.76 (0.42, 1.38) |
40–49 (62) | 0.85 (0.40, 1.83) |
50+ (58) | 1.21 (0.54, 2.68) |
Gender | |
Female (300) | 1.0 |
Male (89) | 0.96 (0.47, 1.93) |
Indoor temperature, °C | |
≤24 (239) | 1.0 |
>24 (150) | 0.51 (0.24, 1.09) |
Relative humidity, % | |
≤60 (322) | 1.0 |
>60 (67) | 0.57 (0.24, 1.33) |
CO2, ppm | |
<600 (47) | 1.0 |
600–1000 (193) | 3.38 (1.24, 9.23) |
>1000 (149) | 4.28 (1.12, 16.4) |
VOCs, ppb | |
≤500 (294) | 1.0 |
>500 (95) | 1.80 (0.82, 3.95) |
Smoking status | |
Never (311) | 1.0 |
Former (33) | 0.91 (0.34, 2.43) |
Current (45) | 5.30 (1.30, 21.5) |
Urine cotinine level, μg/g creatinine | |
≤1.55 (98) | 1.0 |
1.56–2.32 (95) | 0.95 (0.48, 1.89) |
2.33–3.98 (96) | 3.30 (1.67, 6.54) |
>3.98 (100) | 6.66 (2.80, 15.8) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lu, C.-Y.; Ma, Y.-C.; Chen, P.-C.; Wu, C.-C.; Chen, Y.-C. Oxidative Stress of Office Workers Relevant to Tobacco Smoking and Inner Air Quality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 5586-5597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110605586
Lu C-Y, Ma Y-C, Chen P-C, Wu C-C, Chen Y-C. Oxidative Stress of Office Workers Relevant to Tobacco Smoking and Inner Air Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(6):5586-5597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110605586
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Chung-Yen, Yee-Chung Ma, Pei-Chun Chen, Chin-Ching Wu, and Yi-Chun Chen. 2014. "Oxidative Stress of Office Workers Relevant to Tobacco Smoking and Inner Air Quality" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 6: 5586-5597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110605586