Effects and Risk Evaluation of Oil Spillage in the Sea Areas of Changxing Island
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Three-Dimensional Mathematical Model to Predict Marine Oil Spillage
2.2. Research Techniques
- Calm wind: the static wind frequency is 7.79%.
- Northerly wind: NNE direction, the static wind frequency is 18.25%, wind speed of 10 m/s.
- Westerly wind: WSW direction, the static wind frequency is 13.68%, wind speed of 10 m/s.
- Southerly wind: SSW direction, the static wind frequency is 26.45%, wind speed of 10 m/s.
2.3. Establishment of Evaluation Index System
Target Level (A) | System Level(B) | Index Level(C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Influencing Factors | Proportion (%) | Index | Evaluation Index | Proportion (%) | Index | |
Oil spillage risk assessment | Allision/Collision | 7.0 | 1.46 | Loading/Discharging | 1.1 | 0.02 |
Bunkering | 1.1 | 0.02 | ||||
Other Operations | 7.6 | 0.11 | ||||
Unknown | 90.2 | 1.31 | ||||
Grounding | 6.8 | 0.15 | Loading/Discharging | 0.8 | 0.001 | |
Other Operations | 5.8 | 0.009 | ||||
Unknown | 93.4 | 0.14 | ||||
Hull Failure | 7.6 | 5.03 | Loading/Discharging | 56.3 | 2.83 | |
Bunkering | 1.7 | 0.09 | ||||
Other Operations | 8.2 | 0.41 | ||||
Unknown | 33.8 | 1.70 | ||||
Equipment Failure | 19.7 | 2.31 | Loading/Discharging | 66.9 | 1.54 | |
Bunkering | 6.2 | 0.14 | ||||
Other Operations | 14.9 | 0.34 | ||||
Unknown | 12.0 | 0.29 | ||||
Fire/Explosion | 2.8 | 0.08 | Loading/Discharging | 28.9 | 0.023 | |
Bunkering | 2.9 | 0.003 | ||||
Other Operations | 20.2 | 0.016 | ||||
Unknown | 48.0 | 0.038 | ||||
Oil spillage risk assessment | Other/ Unknown | 56.1 | 0.97 | Loading/Discharging | 33.2 | 0.32 |
Bunkering | 8.9 | 0.09 | ||||
Other Operations | 18.5 | 0.18 | ||||
Unknown | 39.4 | 0.38 |
Risk level division | Lowest | Lower | Medium | Higher | Highest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk assessment index (R) | R < 4.0 | 4.0 ≤ R < 6.0 | 6.0 ≤ R < 7.0 | 7.0 ≤ R < 9.0 | 9.0 ≤ R |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Prediction Results of Oil Spill Effects Near the Koumen
3.2. Environmental Risk Assessment Conclusions
3.2.1. Prediction Results of Oil Spillage Risk Level
3.2.2. The Sphere of Influence of a Potential Oil Spillage
3.2.3. Oil Spillage Impact on the Harbor Seal
3.2.4. Analysis of the Effect on the Breeding Area
3.3. Oil Spillage Prevention Measures and Emergency Countermeasures
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Wang, H.; Xu, J.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, J. Effects and Risk Evaluation of Oil Spillage in the Sea Areas of Changxing Island. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 8491-8507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808491
Wang H, Xu J, Zhao W, Zhang J. Effects and Risk Evaluation of Oil Spillage in the Sea Areas of Changxing Island. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(8):8491-8507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808491
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Hanxi, Jianling Xu, Wenkui Zhao, and Jiquan Zhang. 2014. "Effects and Risk Evaluation of Oil Spillage in the Sea Areas of Changxing Island" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 8: 8491-8507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808491