Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Collection of Biological Samples
2.3. Laboratorial Analyses
2.4. Quantification of Blood Carboxyhaemoglobin Levels
2.5. 1-Hydroxypyrene Quantification
2.6. Lipid Peroxidation
2.7. Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.8. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Characteristics | Controls | Post-infarction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Smokers (n = 25) | Smokers (n = 16) | Non-Smokers (n = 27) | Smokers (n = 31) | |
Age (years) | 55.7 ± 8.1 | 52.2 ± 7.5 | 63.2 ± 9.1 | 60.1 ± 10.2 |
Gender (male/female) | (18/7) | (11/5) | (22/5) | (21/10) |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 38.5 | 6.5 | 40 | 45 |
Hypocholesterolemic drugs (%) | 7.7 | 0 | 20.4 | 28.3 |
Anti hypertensive drugs (%) | 30.8 | 3.5 | 43.4 | 40.2 |
Diuretic drugs (%) | 4 | 0 | 18 | 22.4 |
Sedentary lifestyle (%) | 8 | 58.8 | 55 | 70 |
Hypertension (%) | 38.5 | 4.7 | 52 | 48 |
Biomarkers | Controls | Post-Infarction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Smokers (n = 25) | Smokers (n = 16) | Non-Smokers (n = 27) | Smokers (n = 31) | |
Platelets (103/µL) | 251 ± 10.7 | 243 ± 12.6 | 239 ± 8.4 | 259 ± 14.3 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 270 ± 9.1 | 286 ± 20.9 | 250 ± 15.1 | 256 ± 13.8 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 203 ± 8.8 | 238 ± 13.9 c | 207 ± 8.8 | 197 ± 7.4b |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.8 ± 2.8 | 44.6 ± 2.7 | 45.1 ± 2.8 | 41.1 ± 1.8 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 120 ± 14.4 | 154 ± 20.5 | 140 ± 17.3 | 135 ± 15.7 |
Total cholesterol /HDL | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.3 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 187 ± 27.8 | 197 ± 23.1 | 112 ± 13.5 a | 102 ± 8.4 b |
Biomarkers | Controls | Post-infarction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Smokers (n = 25) | Smokers (n = 16) | Non-Smokers (n = 27) | Smokers (n = 31) | |
MDA (µmol/L) | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.7 | 11.7 ± 0.8 a | 11.7 ± 0.9 b |
SOD (U/mg protein) | 13.8 ± 1.2 | 21.5 ± 1.9 c | 10.3 ± 1.1 a | 12.7 ± 1.2 b |
CAT (U/mg protein) | 12.1 ± 1.0 | 10.5 ± 1.0 | 30.2 ± 1.8 a | 30.2 ± 2.1 b |
GPx (µmol NADPH/min/mg protein) | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 11.3 ± 0.7 a | 12.0 ± 0.7 b |
Vitamin E (µmol/L) | 29.6 ± 2.0 | 34.0 ± 2.2 | 31.4 ± 2.7 | 30.1 ± 2.4 |
Retinol (µmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 |
β-Carotene (µmol/L) | 0.8 ± 0.08 | 0.74 ± 0.07 | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 b |
Lycopene (µmol/L) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Freitas, F.; Brucker, N.; Durgante, J.; Bubols, G.; Bulcão, R.; Moro, A.; Charão, M.; Baierle, M.; Nascimento, S.; Gauer, B.; et al. Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 9024-9037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909024
Freitas F, Brucker N, Durgante J, Bubols G, Bulcão R, Moro A, Charão M, Baierle M, Nascimento S, Gauer B, et al. Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Acute Myocardial Infarction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(9):9024-9037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909024
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreitas, Fernando, Natália Brucker, Juliano Durgante, Guilherme Bubols, Rachel Bulcão, Angela Moro, Mariele Charão, Marília Baierle, Sabrina Nascimento, Bruna Gauer, and et al. 2014. "Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Acute Myocardial Infarction" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 9: 9024-9037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909024