Associations of Adiponectin with Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity, and Diet in Young, Healthy, Mexican Americans and Non-Latino White Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Measurements and Definitions
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Variable | Combined (n = 42) | Mexican American (n = 16) | Non-Latino White (n = 26) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 34.5 ± 9.1 | 35.0 ± 6.3 | 34.2 ± 10.5 | 0.77 |
Sex (women/men) | 28/14 | 10/6 | 18/8 | 0.66 |
Height (cm) | 166.7 ± 11.0 | 161.7 ± 9.4 | 169.8 ± 11.0 | 0.02 |
Weight (kg) | 73.3 ± 11.8 | 73.0 ± 10.2 | 73.5 ± 12.9 | 0.88 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 3.9 | 27.9 ± 3.5 | 25.5 ± 3.9 | 0.04 |
Waist circumference * (cm) | 85.6 ± 9.3 | 89.4 ± 8.5 | 83.2 ± 9.0 | 0.03 |
SA * (cm2) | 288 ± 110 | 319 ± 89 | 271 ± 117 | 0.19 |
VAT * (cm2) | 71 ± 45 | 92 ± 48 | 60 ± 40 | 0.03 |
VAT/SAT | 0.25 ± 0.15 | 0.30 ± 0.17 | 0.23 ± 0.14 | 0.17 |
Lean mass * (kg) | 48.6 ± 10.2 | 47.4 ± 9.8 | 49.3 ± 10.5 | 0.57 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 0.02 |
Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 94.5 ± 61.8 | 120.1 ± 77.8 | 78.5 ± 43.8 | 0.03 |
HOMA2-IR | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.03 |
AIR (µU/mL × 10 min) | 667 ± 444 | 861 ± 497 | 548 ± 369 | 0.02 |
Si (×10−4/min/µU/mL) | 3.8 ± 2.1 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 1.9 | 0.002 |
DI (×10−4/min) | 2174 ± 1674 | 2078 ± 2201 | 2233 ± 1296 | 0.78 |
CRP (mg/L) | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 0.09 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 13.3 ± 10.6 | 15.2 ± 11.2 | 12.2 ± 10.2 | 0.4 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 8.9 ± 4.5 | 5.8 ± 3.3 | 10.7 ± 4.2 | 0.0003 |
LAR (ng/µg) | 1.8 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |
---|---|---|
Variable | EST (95% CI) | EST (95% CI) |
Mexican American ethnicity | −4.6 (−7.2, −2.0) | −4.2 (−6.7, −1.8) |
Male gender | −2.2 (−0.4, −4.7) | |
Age | 0.2 (0.03, 0.3) | |
BMI | 0.5 (0.1, 1.0) | |
VAT | −0.1 (−0.1, −0.01) | |
R2 | 0.23 | 0.54 |
Mexican American (n = 16) | Non-Latino White (n = 26) | p 1 | |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 1960 ± 790 | 1734 ± 621 | 0.31 |
Carbohydrate (g/1000 kcal) | 131.0 ± 18.2 | 122.0 ± 18.3 | 0.13 |
Protein (g/1000 kcal) | 39.2 ± 8.1 | 38.0 ± 6.6 | 0.60 |
Fat (g/1000 kcal) | 36.4 ± 5.4 | 37.7 ± 6.0 | 0.49 |
Grain servings (per 1000 kcal) | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.01 |
Whole grain servings (per 1000 kcal) | 1.0 ± 0.8 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
Fruit servings (per 1000 kcal) | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.02 |
Vegetable servings (per 1000 kcal) | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 0.03 |
Meat servings (per 1000 kcal) | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
Dairy servings (per 1000 Kcal) | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.66 |
Fat servings (per 1000 kcal) | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.23 |
Fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 9.8 ± 2.9 | 10.4 ± 3.5 | 0.57 |
Bean fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.008 |
Fruit/veg. fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 2.8 | 0.005 |
Grain fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 4.7 ± 1.6 | 4.3 ± 2.6 | 0.53 |
GI, glucose | 49.9 ± 2.1 | 48.8 ± 3.2 | 0.23 |
GL, glucose (per 1000 kcal) | 60.6 ± 9.8 | 54.7 ± 10.8 | 0.83 |
Saturated fat (g/1000 kcal) | 11.4 ± 2.3 | 11.6 ± 2.8 | 0.81 |
Trans fat (g/1000 kcal) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.03 |
Vitamin D (IU/1000 kcal) | 147 ± 93 | 198 ± 157 | 0.24 |
Omega 3 FA (g/1000 kcal) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.16 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
AIR | acute insulin response |
CCTSI | Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CT | computed tomography |
DI | disposition index |
DXA | dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry |
FA | fatty acids |
GI | glycemic index |
GL | glycemic load |
IU | international units |
LAR | leptin-adiponectin ratio |
DXA | dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry |
FA | fatty acids |
GI | glycemic index |
GL | glycemic load |
IU | international units |
LAR | leptin-adiponectin ratio |
Q | quartile |
R2 | r squared |
SAT | subcutaneous adipose tissue |
Si | insulin sensitivity |
VAT | visceral adipose tissue |
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Pereira, R.I.; Low Wang, C.C.; Wolfe, P.; Havranek, E.P.; Long, C.S.; Bessesen, D.H. Associations of Adiponectin with Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity, and Diet in Young, Healthy, Mexican Americans and Non-Latino White Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010054
Pereira RI, Low Wang CC, Wolfe P, Havranek EP, Long CS, Bessesen DH. Associations of Adiponectin with Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity, and Diet in Young, Healthy, Mexican Americans and Non-Latino White Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010054
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Rocio I., Cecilia C. Low Wang, Pamela Wolfe, Edward P. Havranek, Carlin S. Long, and Daniel H. Bessesen. 2016. "Associations of Adiponectin with Adiposity, Insulin Sensitivity, and Diet in Young, Healthy, Mexican Americans and Non-Latino White Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010054