Phenanthrene and Pyrene Modify the Composition and Structure of the Cultivable Endophytic Bacterial Community in Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials
2.2. Exposure of Plants to PAHs
2.3. Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria
2.4. Degradation of PAHs by Endophytic Bacteria
2.5. Concentrations of PAHs
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Numbers of Cultivable Endophytic Bacteria
3.2. Diversity of Cultivable Endophytic Bacteria
3.3. Dominant Endophytic Bacteria and Their Abilities to Degrade PAHs
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | CK | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenanthrene (PHE) (μg·L−1) | 0 | 100 | 800 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 800 |
Pyrene (PYR) (μg·L−1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 500 | 20 | 500 |
Group | Concentration of PAHs in the Roots | Concentration of PAHs in the Shoots | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PHE | PYR | PHE | PYR | |
CK | 5.10 ± 1.55 c | n.d. | 3.38 ± 0.72 c | n.d. |
T1 | 56.95 ± 4.98 b | n.d. | 19.33 ± 0.76 bc | n.d. |
T2 | 346.49 ± 38.18 a | n.d. | 144.68 ± 14.53 a | n.d. |
T3 | 32.14 ± 4.79 bc | 31.29 ± 3.04 c | 39.55 ± 10.79 b | n.d. |
T4 | 28.10 ± 6.04 bc | 812.44 ± 316.65 a | 22.35 ± 1.76 bc | 184.72 ± 35.34 a |
T5 | 58.19 ± 8.55 b | 30.93 ± 4.07 c | 32.19 ± 9.61 b | 4.37 ± 1.65 b |
T6 | 353.45 ± 27.00 a | 452.35 ± 39.66 b | 152.70 ± 27.54 a | 205.20 ± 101.59 a |
Class | Genus | Bacterial Strain | Isolation from the Roots | Isolation from the Shoots | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | CK | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | |||
γ-Proteobacteria | Enterobacter | P3 | + | |||||||||||||
P4 | + | |||||||||||||||
P10 | + | |||||||||||||||
P14 | + | |||||||||||||||
P18 | + | + | ||||||||||||||
P20 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||
P26 | + | |||||||||||||||
Stenotrophomonas | P5 | + | ||||||||||||||
P8 | + | |||||||||||||||
P15 | + | |||||||||||||||
P16 | + | + | ||||||||||||||
P33 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||
Pantoea | P30 | + | + | |||||||||||||
P31 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||
P32 | + | |||||||||||||||
Pseudomonas | P21 | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
P24 | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Serratia | P1 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||
P2 | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||||||
Klebsiella | P9 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||
Fusobacteria | Bacillus | P19 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||||||
P23 | + | + | + | |||||||||||||
P25 | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
P28 | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Sphingobacteria | Sphingobacterium | P6 | + | + | ||||||||||||
P17 | + | + | ||||||||||||||
Pedobacter | P29 | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
α-Proteobacteria | Rhizobium | P7 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||
Agrobacterium | P13 | + | ||||||||||||||
β-Proteobacteria | Delftia | P22 | + | |||||||||||||
Bacilli | Solibacillus | P11 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||
Flavobacteria | Chryseobacterium | P12 | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||||||
Actinobacteria | Arthrobacter | P27 | + | |||||||||||||
Sums of bacterial strains | 11 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 8 | 6 | 6 | ||
Sums of genera | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | ||
Sums of classes | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 6 |
Plant Tissue | Group | H | J | Dominant | Number | Degradation Rate (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial Strain | Genus | Log CFU·g−1 (pi) | PHE | PYR | ||||
Roots | CK | 1.447 | 0.603 | P4 | Enterobacter sp. | 6.95 (45.9%) | 73.4 ± 24.4 | 68.5 ± 8.8 |
P3 | Enterobacter sp. | 6.78 (30.7%) | 71.6 ± 31.8 | 25.2 ± 4.2 | ||||
T1 | 1.898 | 0.913 | P33 | Stenotrophomonas sp. | 6.02 (23.5%) | 99.0 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 5.9 | |
P7 | Rhizobium sp. | 5.97 (21.2%) | 12.8 ± 5.4 | 8.7 ± 1.9 | ||||
T2 | 1.469 | 0.638 | P30 | Pantoea sp. | 7.56 (41.0%) | 99.9 ± 0.1 | n.d. | |
P33 | Stenotrophomonas sp. | 7.47 (33.7%) | 99.0 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 5.9 | ||||
T3 | 1.370 | 0.764 | P1 | Serratia sp. | 7.35 (32.0%) | 97.3 ± 1.5 | 49.2 ± 8.2 | |
P25 | Bacillus sp. | 7.33 (31.0%) | 99.8 ± 0.2 | 16.9 ± 9.5 | ||||
T4 | 1.039 | 0.451 | P1 | Serratia sp. | 7.92 (57.1%) | 97.3 ± 1.5 | 49.2 ± 8.2 | |
P9 | Klebsiella sp. | 7.64 (30.5%) | 67.8 ± 10.5 | 9.2 ± 11.6 | ||||
T5 | 1.578 | 0.881 | P25 | Bacillus sp. | 6.24 (35.3%) | 99.8 ± 0.2 | 16.9 ± 9.5 | |
P9 | Klebsiella sp. | 6.17 (29.5%) | 67.8 ± 10.5 | 9.2 ± 11.6 | ||||
T6 | 0.610 | 0.340 | P16 | Stenotrophomonas sp. | 7.97 (84.6%) | 68.2 ± 11.5 | n.d. | |
P30 | Pantoea sp. | 6.94 (7.9%) | 99.9 ± 0.1 | n.d. | ||||
Shoots | CK | 1.534 | 0.856 | P12 | Chryseobacterium sp. | 4.92 (38.6%) | 92.5 ± 6.4 | n.d. |
P13 | Agrobacterium | 4.65 (20.6%) | 28.6 ± 2.9 | 46.2 ± 24.5 | ||||
T1 | 2.015 | 0.917 | P33 | Stenotrophomonas sp. | 5.53 (25.8%) | 99.0 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 5.9 | |
P19 | Bacillus sp. | 5.34 (16.7%) | 35.3 ± 29.0 | 22.8 ± 15.4 | ||||
T2 | 1.768 | 0.908 | P7 | Rhizobium sp. | 5.51 (29.9%) | 12.8 ± 5.4 | 8.7 ± 1.9 | |
P33 | Stenotrophomonas sp. | 5.44 (25.4%) | 99.0 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 5.9 | ||||
T3 | 2.116 | 0.852 | P20 | Enterobacter sp. | 5.11 (21.6%) | 14.6 ± 18.9 | n.d. | |
P19 | Bacillus sp. | 5.10 (21.3%) | 35.3 ± 29.0 | 22.8 ± 15.4 | ||||
T4 | 2.033 | 0.978 | P33 | Stenotrophomonas sp. | 4.36 (19.1%) | 99.0 ± 0.1 | 17.2 ± 5.9 | |
P25 | Bacillus sp. | 4.33 (17.7%) | 99.8 ± 0.2 | 16.9 ± 9.5 | ||||
T5 | 1.412 | 0.788 | P7 | Rhizobium sp. | 4.86 (41.5%) | 12.8 ± 5.4 | 8.7 ± 1.9 | |
P9 | Klebsiella sp. | 4.72 (29.5%) | 67.8 ± 10.5 | 9.2 ± 11.6 | ||||
T6 | 1.159 | 0.647 | P19 | Rhizobium sp. | 6.00 (66.4%) | 35.3 ± 29.0 | 22.8 ± 15.4 | |
P7 | Bacillus sp. | 5.16 (9.4%) | 12.8 ± 5.4 | 8.7 ± 1.9 |
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Zhu, X.; Jin, L.; Sun, K.; Li, S.; Li, X.; Ling, W. Phenanthrene and Pyrene Modify the Composition and Structure of the Cultivable Endophytic Bacterial Community in Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111081
Zhu X, Jin L, Sun K, Li S, Li X, Ling W. Phenanthrene and Pyrene Modify the Composition and Structure of the Cultivable Endophytic Bacterial Community in Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111081
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Xuezhu, Li Jin, Kai Sun, Shuang Li, Xuelin Li, and Wanting Ling. 2016. "Phenanthrene and Pyrene Modify the Composition and Structure of the Cultivable Endophytic Bacterial Community in Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111081