Determination of Sediment Oxygen Demand in the Ziya River Watershed, China: Based on Laboratory Core Incubation and Microelectrode Measurements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Laboratory Core Incubation Measurements
2.4. Microelectrode Measurements
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. SOD Determined by Core Incubations
3.2. SOD Determined by Microelectrodes
3.3. Comparison between Incubations and Microelectrodes
3.4. Effects of Point and Non-Point Pollutions on SOD
3.5. Effects of SOD on the River System
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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River | Sample Site | Pollutants Quantity Inlets Into Rivers | Contributions of Industrial Pollution Sources | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COD (103 t) | Ammonia (t) | COD | Ammonia | |||
Upstream | Shunshui River | S01 | 33.00 | 0.16 | 65% | 21% |
South Li River | S02 | |||||
Li River | S03–S05 | |||||
Midstream | Xiao River | S07, S08 | 39.00 | 0.48 | 42% | 33% |
Wang Yang Ditch | S09, S10 | 2.30 | 0.15 | ~100% | ~100% | |
Downstream | Shaocun Canal | S12, S13 | 4.50 | 0.52 | ~100% | ~100% |
Fuyang River | S14–S16 | 34.00 | 2.03 | 30% | 20% |
TN | NH3-N | NO3−-N | NO2−-N | TP | SRP | SOD | COD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | 1.000 | 0.915 ** | 0.291 | 0.249 | 0.382 | 0.225 | 0.350 | 0.333 |
NH3-N | 1.000 | 0.079 | 0.124 | 0.285 | 0.219 | 0.006 | 0.056 | |
NO3−-N | 1.000 | 0.411 | 0.253 | −0.118 | 0.441 | 0.212 | ||
NO2−-N | 1.000 | 0.003 | −0.310 | 0.182 | 0.246 | |||
TP | 1.000 | 0.770 ** | 0.837 ** | 0.077 | ||||
SRP | 1.000 | 0.721 ** | 0.174 | |||||
SOD | 1.000 | 0.642 ** | ||||||
COD | 1.000 |
Pollution Condition | Range of SOD at 20°C (g/(m2·d)) | Location | References |
---|---|---|---|
Admittingabundantdomestic wastewater, severe eutrophication | 0.48–1.44 | man-madeLake Ton-Ton, Uruguay | [33] |
summertime occurrences of anoxia/hypoxia | 0–1.64 | Chesapeake Bay, USA | [34] |
Low DO, ~4 mg/L | 0.47–1.28 | Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong | [9] |
municipal andagricultural wastewater, BOD: 2–5 mg/L | 0.13–1.36 | Arroyo Colorado River | [8] |
urban sewage and industrial wastewater pollution, hypoxia | 0.24–1.58 | Keelung River, Taiwan | [35] |
Low DO (less than 1 mg/L), very high nutrient concentrations in the river | 0.37–1.25 | Xindian River, Taiwan | [36] |
admitting paper industry wastewater | 0.22–1.82 | Athabasca River | [37] |
Low DO, ~3 mg/L, admitting abundant domestic and industrial wastewater, severe hypoxia | 0.19–1.41 | the Ziya River Watershed, China | This study |
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Rong, N.; Shan, B.; Wang, C. Determination of Sediment Oxygen Demand in the Ziya River Watershed, China: Based on Laboratory Core Incubation and Microelectrode Measurements. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020232
Rong N, Shan B, Wang C. Determination of Sediment Oxygen Demand in the Ziya River Watershed, China: Based on Laboratory Core Incubation and Microelectrode Measurements. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(2):232. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020232
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong, Nan, Baoqing Shan, and Chao Wang. 2016. "Determination of Sediment Oxygen Demand in the Ziya River Watershed, China: Based on Laboratory Core Incubation and Microelectrode Measurements" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 2: 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020232