Residential Proximity to Roadways and Ischemic Placental Disease in a Cape Cod Family Health Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Exclusions
2.3. Assessment of Ischemic Placental Disease
2.4. Assessment of Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Ischemic Placental Disease | |
---|---|---|
Yes | No | |
Number, n (%) | 270 (8.2) | 3039 (91.8) |
Year of pregnancy, n (%) | ||
Before 1974 | 61 (22.6) | 570 (18.8) |
1975–1980 | 118 (43.7) | 1243 (40.9) |
After 1980 | 91 (33.7) | 1226 (40.3) |
Maternal age (years), mean (SD) | 26.6 (4.5) | 27.7 (4.6) |
Paternal age (years), mean (SD) | 30.1 (6.1) | 30.7 (5.8) |
White, n (%) | 256 (94.8) | 2956 (97.3) |
Maternal education, n (%) | ||
Less than high school | 2 (0.7) | 39 (1.3) |
High school graduate | 55 (20.4) | 569 (18.7) |
Some college | 105 (38.9) | 1047 (34.5) |
Four-year college graduate or more | 108 (40.0) | 1384 (45.5) |
Paternal occupation, n (%) | ||
White collar | 114 (42.2) | 1521 (50.1) |
Blue collar | 106 (39.3) | 1020 (33.6) |
Other | 50 (18.5) | 498 (16.4) |
Number of prior pregnancies and prior IPD, n (%) | ||
Nulligravid | 118 (43.7) | 905 (29.8) |
Previous pregnancy, no prior IPD | 122 (45.2) | 1962 (64.6) |
Previous pregnancy, prior IPD | 30 (11.1) | 172 (5.7) |
Gestational weight gain <20 lb, n (%) | 70 (25.9) | 415 (13.7) |
Cigarette smoking during first trimester, n (%) | 119 (44.1) | 744 (24.5) |
Alcohol consumption during first trimester, n (%) | 110 (40.7) | 1108 (36.5) |
Live <50 m from A1–A3 roadway, n (%) | 35 (13.0) | 443 (14.6) |
Live <50 m from A1–A2 roadway, n (%) | 11 (4.1) | 111 (3.7) |
Live <50 m from A1 roadway, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Any A1–A3 roads within 500 m buffer, n (%) | 237 (87.8) | 2650 (87.2) |
Any A1–A2 roads within 500 m buffer, n (%) | 149 (55.2) | 1532 (50.4) |
Any A1 roads within 500 m buffer, n (%) | 12 (4.4) | 150 (4.9) |
Any A1–A3 roads within 200 m buffer, n (%) | 150 (55.6) | 1718 (56.5) |
Any A1–A2 roads within 200 m buffer, n (%) | 117 (43.3) | 1086 (35.7) |
Any A1 roads within 200 m buffer, n (%) | 5 (1.9) | 39 (1.3) |
Any PCE exposure in year prior to pregnancy, n (%) | 126 (46.7) | 1536 (50.5) |
Shortest Euclidean Distance Between Residence and the Closest Major Roadway (m) | Length of Major Roadways within 500 m Buffer Around Residence (m) | Length of Major Roadways within 200 m Buffer Around Residence (m) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1–A3 Roads | A1–A2 Roads | A1 Roads | A1–A3 Roads | A1–A2 Roads | A1 Roads | A1–A3 Roads | A1–A2 Roads | A1 Roads | |
Minimum | 12 | 13 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5th percentile | 30 | 68 | 565 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10th percentile | 38 | 136 | 911 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
25th percentile | 85 | 339 | 2075 | 592 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Median | 188 | 728 | 3694 | 1008 | 16 | 0 | 120 | 0 | 0 |
75th percentile | 362 | 1541 | 5276 | 1571 | 658 | 0 | 373 | 94 | 0 |
90th percentile | 570 | 2136 | 7310 | 2000 | 1771 | 0 | 411 | 335 | 0 |
95th percentile | 743 | 2524 | 8372 | 2307 | 2686 | 0 | 555 | 527 | 0 |
Maximum | 1923 | 5306 | 37,192 | 3989 | 11,836 | 1463 | 1087 | 2721 | 423 |
Shortest Euclidean Distance of Residence from Closest A1–A3 Roadway (m) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
<50 | 50–99 | 100–199 | ≥200 | |
Number, n (%) | 478 (14.5) | 443 (13.4) | 877 (26.5) | 1511 (45.7) |
Year of pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
Before 1974 | 96 (20.1) | 108 (24.4) | 151 (17.2) | 276 (18.3) |
1975–1980 | 216 (45.2) | 177 (40.0) | 357 (40.7) | 611 (40.4) |
After 1980 | 166 (34.7) | 158 (35.7) | 369 (42.1) | 624 (41.3) |
Maternal age (years), mean (SD) | 27.3 (4.8) | 27.6 (4.5) | 26.9 (4.4) | 28.1 (4.7) |
Paternal age (years), mean (SD) | 30.2 (6.0) | 30.8 (6.0) | 29.9 (6.0) | 31.2 (5.6) |
White, n (%) | 457 (95.6) | 430 (97.1) | 850 (96.9) | 1475 (97.6) |
Maternal education, n (%) | ||||
Less than high school | 10 (2.1) | 2 (0.5) | 17 (1.9) | 12 (0.8) |
High school graduate | 72 (15.1) | 81 (18.3) | 210 (24.0) | 261 (17.3) |
Some college | 181 (37.9) | 152 (34.3) | 301 (34.3) | 518 (34.3) |
Four-year college graduate or more | 215 (45.0) | 208 (47.0) | 349 (39.8) | 720 (47.7) |
Paternal occupation, n (%) | ||||
White collar | 230 (48.1) | 218 (49.2) | 395 (45.0) | 792 (52.4) |
Blue collar | 171 (35.8) | 165 (37.3) | 269 (30.7) | 521 (34.5) |
Other | 77 (16.1) | 60 (13.5) | 213 (24.3) | 198 (13.1) |
Number of prior pregnancies and prior IPD, n (%) | ||||
Nulligravid | 158 (33.1) | 130 (29.4) | 262 (29.9) | 473 (31.3) |
Previous pregnancy, no prior IPD | 291 (60.9) | 287 (64.8) | 559 (63.7) | 947 (62.7) |
Previous pregnancy, prior IPD | 29 (6.1) | 26 (5.9) | 56 (6.4) | 91 (6.0) |
Gestational weight gain <20 lb, n (%) | 66 (13.8) | 57 (12.9) | 122 (13.9) | 240 (15.9) |
Cigarette smoking during first trimester, n (%) | 124 (25.9) | 116 (26.2) | 254 (29.0) | 369 (24.4) |
Alcohol consumption during first trimester, n (%) | 161 (33.7) | 179 (40.4) | 324 (36.9) | 554 (36.7) |
Any PCE exposure in year prior to pregnancy, n (%) | 238 (49.8) | 221 (49.9) | 399 (45.5) | 804 (53.2) |
Exposure | Events/N | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted a RR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Distance from closest A1–A3 road (m) | |||
≥200 | 127/1511 | Reference | Reference |
100–199 | 68/877 | 0.91 (0.66, 1.27) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.21) |
50–99 | 40/443 | 1.11 (0.77, 1.60) | 1.08 (0.75, 1.55) |
<50 | 35/478 | 0.77 (0.49, 1.23) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.17) |
Length of A1–A3 roads in 500 m buffer (m) | |||
0 | 33/422 | Reference | Reference |
1–1075 | 124/1443 | 1.14 (0.74, 1.76) | 1.12 (0.73, 1.71) |
≥1076 | 113/1444 | 1.11 (0.67, 1.85) | 1.08 (0.65, 1.77) |
Length of A1–A3 roads in 200 m buffer (m) | |||
0 | 120/1441 | Reference | Reference |
1–351 | 80/933 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.40) | 0.95 (0.69, 1.31) |
≥352 | 70/935 | 0.88 (0.62, 1.24) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.19) |
Exposure | Preeclampsia | Placental Abruption | SGA | Stillbirth | Vaginal Bleeding | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Events/N | Adjusted a RR (95% CI) | Events/N | Adjusted a RR (95% CI) | Events/N | Adjusted a RR (95% CI) | Events/N | Adjusted a RR (95% CI) | Events/N | Adjusted a RR (95% CI) | |
Distance from closest A1–A3 road (m) | ||||||||||
≥200 | 17/1511 | Reference | 13/1511 | Reference | 108/1505 | Reference | 6/1511 | Reference | 112/1511 | Reference |
100–199 | 9/877 | 0.89 (0.37, 2.17) | 10/877 | 1.34 (0.54, 3.30) | 51/870 | 0.81 (0.55, 1.19) | 7/877 | 2.02 (0.65, 6.30) | 61/877 | 0.96 (0.68, 1.35) |
<100 | 5/921 | 0.46 (0.16, 1.29) | 13/921 | 1.75 (0.82, 3.76) | 61/915 | 0.91 (0.63, 1.31) | 6/921 | 1.71 (0.56, 5.23) | 42/921 | 0.67 (0.47, 0.95) |
Length of A1–A3 roads in 500 m buffer (m) | ||||||||||
0 | 5/422 | Reference | 3/422 | Reference | 25/420 | Reference | 2/422 | Reference | 28/422 | Reference |
1–1075 | 14/1443 | 0.81 (0.29, 2.24) | 16/1443 | 1.57 (0.46, 5.33) | 97/1436 | 1.17 (0.70, 1.95) | 7/1443 | 0.97 (0.21, 4.48) | 97/1443 | 1.08 (0.68, 1.73) |
≥1076 | 12/1444 | 0.69 (0.23, 2.06) | 17/1444 | 1.67 (0.49, 5.72) | 91/1434 | 1.14 (0.63, 2.05) | 10/1444 | 1.43 (0.33, 6.28) | 90/1444 | 1.02 (0.63, 1.65) |
Length of A1–A3 roads in 200 m buffer (m) | ||||||||||
0 | 16/1441 | Reference | 12/1441 | Reference | 96/1435 | Reference | 6/1441 | Reference | 107/1441 | Reference |
1–351 | 9/933 | 0.86 (0.35, 2.09) | 13/933 | 1.76 (0.75, 4.15) | 60/924 | 0.86 (0.59, 1.26) | 9/933 | 2.38 (0.81, 7.00) | 62/933 | 0.89 (0.63, 1.26) |
≥352 | 6/935 | 0.56 (0.21, 1.47) | 11/935 | 1.49 (0.65, 3.38) | 57/931 | 0.86 (0.58, 1.28) | 4/935 | 1.08 (0.31, 3.75) | 46/935 | 0.71 (0.50, 1.01) |
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Wesselink, A.K.; Carwile, J.L.; Fabian, M.P.; Winter, M.R.; Butler, L.J.; Mahalingaiah, S.; Aschengrau, A. Residential Proximity to Roadways and Ischemic Placental Disease in a Cape Cod Family Health Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070682
Wesselink AK, Carwile JL, Fabian MP, Winter MR, Butler LJ, Mahalingaiah S, Aschengrau A. Residential Proximity to Roadways and Ischemic Placental Disease in a Cape Cod Family Health Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070682
Chicago/Turabian StyleWesselink, Amelia K., Jenny L. Carwile, María Patricia Fabian, Michael R. Winter, Lindsey J. Butler, Shruthi Mahalingaiah, and Ann Aschengrau. 2017. "Residential Proximity to Roadways and Ischemic Placental Disease in a Cape Cod Family Health Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070682