Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Association with Lipid Profile in Mexican People without Cardiovascular Disease: An Analysis of Interactions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Volunteers
2.2. Lipid Profile and Classification of Dyslipidemia
2.3. Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and FRAP Assays
2.3.1. SOD1 Activity
2.3.2. Catalase Activity
2.3.3. PON1 Activity
2.3.4. Ceruloplasmin Activity
2.3.5. FRAP Assay
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Linear Regression Models for the Association between Dyslipidemia and Antioxidant Enzymes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All (n = 626) | Women (n = 395) | Men (n = 231) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 37.12 ± 8.97 | 37.67 ± 8.88 | 36.18 ± 9.06 | 0.046 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 106.66 ± 10.65 | 104.33 ± 10.29 | 110.64 ± 10.07 | <0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 71.23 ± 8.14 | 69.64 ± 7.89 | 73.94 ± 7.86 | <0.001 | |
Weight (kg) | 71.13 ± 14.68 | 66.31 ± 12.81 | 79.36 ± 14.03 | <0.001 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.94 ± 4.56 | 26.83 ± 4.75 | 27.14 ± 4.25 | 0.411 | |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.36 (0.96, 2.00) | 1.24 (0.89, 1.71) | 1.75 (1.15, 2.32) | <0.001 | |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.85 ± 0.92 | 4.82 ± 0.91 | 4.91 ± 0.95 | 0.225 | |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.14 ± 0.79 | 3.08 ± 0.79 | 3.24 ± 0.79 | 0.012 | |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.22 (1.03, 1.46) | 1.32 (1.11, 1.56) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.26) | <0.001 | |
Caloric intake (kcal) | 2233.93 (1503.86, 2738.71) | 2063.82 (1455.35, 2511.08) | 2606.35 (2095.66, 3146.86) | <0.001 | |
Tobacco smoking [n (%)] | Never | 395 (63.1) | 281 (71.1) | 114 (49.4) | <0.001 |
Former | 105 (16.8) | 47 (11.9) | 58 (25.1) | ||
Current | 126 (20.1) | 67 (17.0) | 59 (25.5) | ||
Alcohol use [n (%)] | Yes | 450 (71.9) | 273 (69.1) | 177 (76.6) | 0.044 |
No | 176 (28.1) | 122 (30.9) | 54 (23.4) | ||
Physical activity [n (%)] | Low | 64 (10.2) | 38 (9.6) | 26 (11.3) | 0.003 |
Medium | 263 (42.0) | 186 (47.1) | 77 (33.3) | ||
High | 299 (47.8) | 171 (43.3) | 128 (55.4) | ||
Combination of alterations of lipid profile [n (%)] | Without dyslipidemia | 197 (31.5) | 132 (33.4) | 65 (28.1) | <0.001 |
Only ↑TG | 24 (3.8) | 6 (1.5) | 18 (7.8) | ||
Only ↑LDLC | 75 (12.0) | 55 (13.9) | 20 (8.7) | ||
Only ↓HDLC | 101 (16.1) | 81 (20.5) | 20 (8.7) | ||
↑TG↑LDLC | 58 (9.3) | 17 (4.3) | 41 (17.7) | ||
↑TG↓HDLC | 82 (13.1) | 44 (11.1) | 38 (16.5) | ||
↑LDLC↓HDLC | 28 (4.5) | 25 (6.3) | 3 (1.3) | ||
↑TG↑LDLC↓HDLC | 61 (9.7) | 35 (8.9) | 26 (11.3) |
Parameter | Without Dyslipidemia | ↑TG | ↑LDLC | ↓HDLC | ↑TG ↑LDLC | ↑TG ↓HDLC | ↑LDLC ↓HDLC | ↑TG ↑LDLC ↓HDLC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paraoxonase-1 activity (U/mL) | 278.9 ± 131.0 | 321.6 ± 102.7 | 266.9 ± 142.8 | 257.4 ± 127.9 | 298.9 ± 165.1 | 243.7 ± 117.6 | 228.4 ± 122.3 | 309.6 ± 145.6 |
Ceruloplasmin activity (U/mL) | 2.28 ± 0.31 | 2.37 ± 0.41 | 2.35 ± 0.36 | 2.26 ± 0.26 | 2.24 ± 0.34 | 2.30 ± 0.36 | 2.34 ± 0.32 | 2.28 ± 0.31 |
Superoxide dismutase-1 activity (U/mg) | 11.1 ± 2.8 | 11.2 ± 2.9 | 11.3 ± 3.0 | 11.0 ± 2.7 | 10.5 ± 2.7 | 11.0 ± 3.2 | 11.9 ± 3.3 | 10.8 ± 2.4 |
Catalase activity (κ/mg) | 0.34 ± 0.18 | 0.34 ± 0.15 | 0.33 ± 0.20 | 0.32 ± 0.18 | 0.35 ± 0.16 | 0.33 ± 0.18 | 0.34 ± 0.19 | 0.31 ± 0.15 |
FRAP (micromoles of Trolox equivalents) | 953.1 ± 352.0 a | 1048.6 ± 383.9 | 964.2 ± 332.3 b | 964.2 ± 328.9 c | 1125.3 ± 364.6 | 1162.9 ± 526.1 a,b,c | 1021.9 ± 315.0 | 1069.4 ± 380.1 |
Parameter | Term in the Equation | Unadjusted β Coefficient (95% CI) | Unadjusted Standardized β Coefficient | p-Value | Adjusted β Coefficient (95% CI) | Adjusted Standardized β Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paraoxonase-1 activity | ↑TG | 23.23 (−1.03, 47.50) | 0.082 | 0.061 | 22.59 (−3.33, 48.50) | 0.080 | 0.087 |
↑LDLC | 5.17 (−18.05, 28.39) | 0.018 | 0.662 | 5.79 (−17.97, 29.54) | 0.020 | 0.478 | |
↓HDLC | −27.12 (−49.75, −4.50) | −0.099 | 0.019 | −29.31 (−52.48, −6.14) | −0.107 | 0.013 | |
Superoxide dismutase-1 activity | ↑TG | −0.38 (−0.89, 0.13) | −0.065 | 0.143 | −0.11 (−0.65, 0.44) | −0.018 | 0.705 |
↑LDLC | 0.06 (−0.43, 0.55) | 0.010 | 0.818 | 0.01 (−0.51, 0.50) | −0.001 | 0.983 | |
↓HDLC | 0.11 (−0.37, 0.58) | 0.019 | 0.662 | −0.05 (−0.54, 0.43) | −0.010 | 0.829 | |
Log catalase activity | ↑TG | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.06) | 0.035 | 0.428 | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) | −0.010 | 0.833 |
↑LDLC | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0.002 | 0.964 | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) | −0.002 | 0.964 | |
↓HDLC | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.070 | 0.100 | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.061 | 0.162 | |
Ceruloplasmin activity | ↑TG | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | −0.019 | 0.664 | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.04) | −0.033 | 0.486 |
↑LDLC | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.07) | 0.024 | 0.574 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.07) | 0.021 | 0.631 | |
↓HDLC | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.04) | −0.017 | 0.696 | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.05) | −0.008 | 0.860 | |
Log ferric-reducing ability of plasma | ↑TG | 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) | 0.175 | <0.001 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.089 | 0.041 |
↑LDLC | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.023 | 0.575 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 0.060 | 0.131 | |
↓HDLC | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0.029 | 0.490 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) | 0.096 | 0.018 |
Parameter | Term in the Equation | Unadjusted β Coefficient (95% CI) | Unadjusted Standardized β Coefficient | p-Value | Adjusted β Coefficient (95% CI) | Adjusted Standardized β Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paraoxonase-1 activity | ↑TG | 42.28 (−14.62, 99.17) | 0.150 | 0.145 | 36.61 (−21.70, 94.93) | 0.130 | 0.218 |
↑LDLC | −12.41 (−48.12, 23.30) | −0.044 | 0.495 | −10.66 (−47.13, 25.81) | −0.038 | 0.566 | |
↓HDLC | −21.44 (−53.64, 10.77) | −0.079 | 0.192 | 23.77 (−56.17, 8.63) | −0.087 | 0.150 | |
↑TG × ↑LDLC | −10.28 (−83.46, 62.89) | −0.030 | 0.783 | −5.33 (−78.85, 68.19) | −0.015 | 0.887 | |
↑TG × ↓HDLC | −56.42 (−125.46, 12.63) | −0.175 | 0.109 | −48.46 (−117.87, 20.96) | −0.151 | 0.171 | |
↑LDLC × ↓HDLC | −17.08 (−83.66, 49.51) | −0.044 | 0.615 | −17.26 (−83.91, 49.39) | −0.045 | 0.611 | |
↑TG × ↑LDLC × ↓HDLC | 105.81 (3.37, 208.24) | 0.232 | 0.043 | 94.32 (−8.39, 197.03) | 0.207 | 0.072 | |
Ceruloplasmin activity | ↑TG | 0.09 (−0.044, 0.23) | 0.137 | 0.186 | 0.09 (−0.05, 0.23) | 0.130 | 0.225 |
↑LDLC | 0.07 (−0.016, 0.16) | 0.104 | 0.111 | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.16) | 0.109 | 0.103 | |
↓HDLC | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) | −0.038 | 0.527 | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.06) | −0.029 | 0.632 | |
↑TG × ↑LDLC | −0.21 (−0.38, −0.03) | −0.254 | 0.020 | −0.22 (−0.39, −0.04) | −0.265 | 0.016 | |
↑TG × ↓HDLC | −0.05 (−0.22, 0.11) | −0.069 | 0.530 | −0.05 (−0.22, 0.12) | −0.068 | 0.542 | |
↑LDLC × ↓HDLC | 0.016 (−0.14, 0.18) | 0.081 | 0.848 | 0.016 (−0.15, 0.18) | 0.017 | 0.849 | |
↑TG × ↑LDLC × ↓HDLC | 0.10 (−0.15, 0.34) | 0.088 | 0.448 | 0.093 (−0.15, 0.34) | 0.126 | 0.459 |
Double Interaction Tested | Fixed Condition | Unadjusted β Coefficient (CI 95%) | Unadjusted Standardized β Coefficient | p-Value | Adjusted β Coefficient (CI 95%) | Adjusted Standardized β Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
↑TG × ↓HDLC | Normal LDLC | −56.42 (−121.38, 8.55) | −0.179 | 0.089 | −52.79 (−118.15, 12.57) | −0.167 | 0.113 |
↑LDLC | 49.39 (−34.28, 133.06) | 0.148 | 0.246 | 52.14 (−31.17, 135.45) | 0.156 | 0.219 | |
↑LDLC × ↓HDLC | Normal TG | −17.08 (−72.63, 48.48) | −0.033 | 0.609 | −16.96 (−82.95, 49.04) | −0.033 | 0.614 |
↑TG | 88.73 (8.34, 169.12) | 0.281 | 0.031 | 74.55 (−7.30, 156.40) | 0.236 | 0.074 | |
↑TG × ↑LDLC | Normal HDLC | −10.28 (−85.71, 65.15) | −0.028 | 0.789 | −3.29 (−79.19, 72.61) | −0.009 | 0.932 |
↓HDLC | 95.53 (26.50, 164.55) | 0.305 | 0.007 | 91.59 (21.18, 162.00) | 0.293 | 0.011 |
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Rivera-Mancía, S.; Jiménez-Osorio, A.S.; Medina-Campos, O.N.; Colín-Ramírez, E.; Vallejo, M.; Alcántara-Gaspar, A.; Cartas-Rosado, R.; Vargas-Barrón, J.; Pedraza-Chaverri, J. Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Association with Lipid Profile in Mexican People without Cardiovascular Disease: An Analysis of Interactions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122687
Rivera-Mancía S, Jiménez-Osorio AS, Medina-Campos ON, Colín-Ramírez E, Vallejo M, Alcántara-Gaspar A, Cartas-Rosado R, Vargas-Barrón J, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Association with Lipid Profile in Mexican People without Cardiovascular Disease: An Analysis of Interactions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(12):2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122687
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivera-Mancía, Susana, Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio, Omar Noel Medina-Campos, Eloísa Colín-Ramírez, Maite Vallejo, Ariadna Alcántara-Gaspar, Raúl Cartas-Rosado, Jesús Vargas-Barrón, and José Pedraza-Chaverri. 2018. "Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Association with Lipid Profile in Mexican People without Cardiovascular Disease: An Analysis of Interactions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122687