“A Lot of People Are Struggling Privately. They Don’t Know Where to Go or They’re Not Sure of What to Do”: Frontline Service Provider Perspectives of the Nature of Household Food Insecurity in Scotland
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Background
Main Study Aim
2. Materials and Methods
- what it means to live in household food insecurity in Scotland;
- which population groups were considered most affected by food insecurity;
- the main drivers of household food insecurity
- community responses to those trends and;
- notions of effective intervention/policy changes required to reduce the numbers of people seeking help with feeding.
3. Results
3.1. Faces and Factors of Food Insecurity
and:I’ve got families that the parents do without, so that the child has got what they need to have, and it means that society is becoming even more uneven than it used to be before. (Development Worker, urban),
You’ve got people making choices about the kids clothing and shoes or a meal, you’ve got adults, women in particular I suspect, not eating properly so the kids are fed. (Development Worker, urban).
We have families, I have a lot of experience with people who work very hard and work long hours, to support their families, and still at the end of the week don’t have enough money for basic food (Rural, voluntary org, family worker).
… one of the bigger employers in this area is a market gardener, who employs people through agencies, very often on short term contracts. They’ll be zero hour contracts and certainly, because it’s off season at the moment, a lot of people get signed off or maybe only get one shift a week, so they may be in employment, however, their income is so low that they actually can’t pay their bills. (Welfare support, rural).
He said that his benefits had changed, and he’d had to make a new claim or something, and there was a delay in getting his benefits. And this is often what we’re told; that people have a delay, they’ve got to make a new claim, they get less money than they think they would get, they’ve got to wait an extra week or a fortnight to get the money. And in the meantime they often don’t have anything, and they don’t have any fall back. (Social worker, island).
andYounger people, who are of working age, have a much more variable source of income. If they’re in employment that’s fine; they might be in low employment and things are difficult. If they’re moving in and out of employment, and in and out of the benefits system, it seems to me that it’s very precarious (Nurse, rural/remote).
The problem is that when they start work their first pay day may not be for four weeks. They then have got to work out how they’re going to survive for that period. For many of them, the only solution is actually getting into debt of some kind. There’s meant to be all kind of safety nets around that but that’s just not happening in practical terms (Development worker, urban).
There could be any, they’re working age people, and I would say that it’s more typical for the younger end of working age, but it could be older people, in the working age group, who’ve had some other life crisis, like their family has broken up. They’ve had to move away from their family and from the way that they used to do things. (Nurse, remote island).
I’ve actually had people coming in with the best cars, the best fancy phones and whatever - not a lot, but I have had, coming in with all the flashiest of stuff saying that they’ve got a problem. The problem is they can’t pay their bills. It doesn’t matter that their bills are ten times higher than maybe somebody else’s bills, they still come to the end of the month and they can’t pay, you know? … So it’s kind of like hidden, I suppose. It’s not what you expect. (Community Food Programme Development, urban).
… we very seldom have to help them [older people] out with money or with food. (Nurse, rural/remote).
Definitely an increase in people who are long term sick who’d sort of settled down to a lifestyle where they understood their income so you may have had somebody who for 15 years had been in receipt of a benefit that was related to their ill-health who found themselves unchallenged around that, their rent was being paid, their council tax was being paid and they understood how much they had to live on every week. (Development worker, urban).
I suppose the general idea is that you don’t have enough food to eat but my thinking is, it’s not the right food, not nutritious food that people can’t afford. Or they’re making choices out of necessity as to what’s available rather than what they would probably like to eat. As you know, a lot of people—you see it in the supermarkets when they’re reducing the food there are people queuing up just waiting for the food to be reduced. (Community food programme informant, mixed/urban rural).
3.2. Stoicism and Struggle
.., a lot of people are struggling privately. They don’t know where to go or they’re not sure of what to do, you know, or they’ve been sanctioned. Can you appeal this, can you, you know, do different things about that, and they’re struggling day to day. “Oh today I’ve got some money, tomorrow I don’t have anything.” They’ll not worry about tomorrow, because they’re managing with today; that kind of idea (Outreach community nurse, mixed urban/rural).
You know on a couple of occasions we have seen people come in who are clearly you know, look unwell and you know are struggling, (Housing Regeneration Manager, urban).
I think for people that are too proud to come forward … you know, older people who worked all their lives, who don’t expect to find themselves in the kind of poverty that they find themselves in (Manager Counselling Charity, urban).
The number of people that have been referred to myself that have been working and they have described financial hardship for a number of reasons and I’ve offered to make these referrals to the food banks, whichever one is more accessible for them, and they really just become very embarrassed. And then when I probe just that wee bit further about how they’re going to provide for their families and themselves they kind of say that they’re going to rely on their families and friends to do that. (Community link worker, urban).
3.3. Participation Yet Pessimism
I feel outrage that people have to go through this kind of terrible suffering, food poverty, in this age! And, you know, I’m sure there are many people kind of saying the same thing. You know, I’m very satisfied that I’ve got this kind of work, where I feel I can make a difference now and again, but I’m also overwhelmed by the fact that I know that’s just almost a drop in the ocean. There are many, many people that need help and support (Welfare support assistant, mixed urban rural).
Well, I think it’s one of the few areas that I’m aware of that the only response is, “Go to the voluntary sector.” I can’t think of very many other services that are related to similar sorts of outcomes, where the response is, “Go to a food bank, go to the voluntary sector,” especially food banks, who get very little money from anywhere. I think part of the problem is that it’s a free service that’s been offered that we may have to challenge, in the future. I can’t think of anything else, in a similar situation, where people say, “Go to your local church, they’ll help you out,” which is what people are, in effect, saying about food banks, you know, main stream services, main stream agencies, Local Authority’s and whoever else. I find that very, very worrying (Community food programme informant, mixed urban).
And I don’t know what would happen to the other half; I’m really frightened, and because, as I say, we have designed and promoted ourselves as a place of last resort for funders, you know, it’s the only option available; the last option available. I don’t know what would happen [to them]. (Community Food Program, urban).
I think food poverty in Scotland isn’t something that’s going to be resolved overnight. I think it’s going to be a long … there’s going to need to be looking at like longer term more sustainable solutions but I feel that until these things are achieved, food banks are now kind of part of the dialogue and will be for, maybe longer term, until adaptions are made to the welfare system and especially with regard to sanctions. But as a result of that, food banks will be … will have a kind of longer-term role to play (Community food programme, urban).
The council gave us money to join (food surplus distributor), but as to date since we started with (food surplus distributor), the amount of produce we’ve been able to use is less than 20 kg a week. Because we can’t take chilled produce, we can’t take frozen produce, so the ambient temperature … they’ve given us a lot more than that but the biggest item by weight we’ve had has been diet Irn-Bru (soft drink). I would actually use that as an example of something with no nutritional value whatsoever. The second biggest item we’ve had, not by weight but by quantity, has been salt and vinegar crisps (CFI mixed urban/rural).
Well, we’ve tried to work with food banks. We haven’t always found that entirely easy to be honest. We’ve produced a range of recipes and that sort of thing aimed at healthy eating on a budget and not all of the food banks are providing a great balance of food within the food boxes and that’s not in any way to throw any blame at them, they can only allocate what they get, but access to fresh food and things can be quite difficult. We’ve done a range of training workshops with young people primarily aimed at teaching people how to create meals that don’t require cooking but it’s hard to get that matched up well with the contents of the food boxes. (Homeless organisation, urban).
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Type of Organisation | Role of Interviewee | Project or Service Description | Location | Population Group Served |
---|---|---|---|---|
Service Provider | Staff nurse, Vulnerable Populations Team | Health Service representative supporting vulnerable adults | Greater Glasgow & Clyde | Vulnerable adults of all ages (16 and over) |
Service Provider | Pre School Educational Home Visitor. Provides support & education to parents regarding their children’s development needs | Education & children’s services | Fife | Vulnerable parents regarding their children’s development needs |
Service Provider | Deputy manager of advice and information service for vulnerable groups | Supports homeless or those at risk of homelessness | Grampian | Homeless & other groups at risk of homelessness |
Service Provider | Family worker supporting vulnerable families via parent and toddler groups | Supports vulnerable families | Highlands | Vulnerable families with young children |
Service Provider | Principal adult social worker for vulnerable groups | Supports disabled and other vulnerable adults | Orkney | Disabled and other vulnerable adults |
Service Provider | Welfare Support Assistant for unemployed people | Supports unemployed people back into work | Fife | Unemployed people |
Service Provider | Community Health Improvement Advisor | Promotes healthy eating and the prevention of chronic illnesses | Grampian | Vulnerable adults of all ages (16 and over) |
Service Provider | Community Links Practitioner working in Primary Care—supports all patients in GP practice | Supports vulnerable patients | Greater Glasgow & Clyde | All patients in GP practice in community |
Service Provider | Manager. Supports vulnerable groups in city | Supports people back into work. Counselling services | Grampian | Vulnerable adults of all ages (16 and over) |
Service provider | Adult befriending Service co-Ordinator. Supports adults who are socially isolated in community | Supports vulnerable adults in community | Orkney | All adults who are socially isolated in community |
Service Provider | Assistant Chief Executive. Supports vulnerable young people | Supports young people at risk of homelessness back into employment | Highlands | Young people at risk of homelessness |
Service Provider | Development officer. Supports vulnerable adults | Supports vulnerable adults in community | Grampian | Vulnerable adults of all ages (16 and over) |
Service Provider | Re-generation manager. Supports vulnerable adults | Supports vulnerable adults in community | Greater Glasgow & Clyde | Vulnerable adults of all ages (16 and over) |
Service Provider | Administrator. Supports vulnerable adults | Supports vulnerable adults in community | Grampian | Vulnerable adults of all ages (16 and over) |
Service Provider | Integration Development worker. Supports asylum-seekers and refugees | Supports asylum-seekers and refugees | Greater Glasgow and Clyde | Asylum-seekers and refugees |
Type of Organisation | Role of Interviewee | Project or Service Description | Health Board Area | Population Group Served |
---|---|---|---|---|
Community Food Initiative: Community food programme with food bank | Manager of community food and health initiative | To improve people’s health by providing them with nutritious food and cooking and nutrition classes | Greater Glasgow & Clyde | Vulnerable adults on a low income |
Community Food Initiative: Food bank only | Manager of food bank | Food bank | Greater Glasgow & Clyde | Vulnerable children and adults on a low income |
Community Food Initiative: Community food programme without food bank | Project Assistant at voluntary community health project | Voluntary community project which promotes healthy eating/living | Forth Valley | Vulnerable adults on a low income |
Community Food Initiative: Community food programme with food bank | Chief Executive. Supports vulnerable adults | To improve health and wellbeing and to increase employability | Grampian | Vulnerable adults on a low income |
Community Food Initiative: Community food programme without food bank | Community Food Development Worker for community food and health project | Supports people at risk of homelessness, offenders or those at risk of offending | Fife | Vulnerable adults on a low income |
Community Food Initiative: Community food programme without food bank | Manager of a healthy living centre | Tries to alleviate food poverty through their education and promotion work | Greater Glasgow & Clyde | Vulnerable adults on a low income |
Community Food Initiative: Food bank only | Development worker at the foodbank | Promotes healthy eating in local schools and nurseries and runs cookery classes | Greater Glasgow & Clyde | Vulnerable children and adults living in community |
Community Food Initiative: Community food programme with food bank | Foodbank coordinator at national voluntary organisation | Food bank and drop-in advice service | Dumfries and Galloway | Vulnerable children and adults on a low income |
Community Food Initiative: Community garden | Volunteer coordinator at community food and health project | Promotes healthy eating via cookery classes and workshops. Sells cheap fruit and veg | Fife | All residents living in the local village |
Community Food Initiative: Community food programme with food bank | Food and Health Development Worker for this Community food and health project | Supports vulnerable people living in food poverty. Promotes healthy eating via cookery classes | Lothian | Disadvantaged groups in deprived areas of city—mainly serves families with young children |
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Douglas, F.; MacKenzie, F.; Ejebu, O.-Z.; Whybrow, S.; Garcia, A.L.; McKenzie, L.; Ludbrook, A.; Dowler, E. “A Lot of People Are Struggling Privately. They Don’t Know Where to Go or They’re Not Sure of What to Do”: Frontline Service Provider Perspectives of the Nature of Household Food Insecurity in Scotland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122738
Douglas F, MacKenzie F, Ejebu O-Z, Whybrow S, Garcia AL, McKenzie L, Ludbrook A, Dowler E. “A Lot of People Are Struggling Privately. They Don’t Know Where to Go or They’re Not Sure of What to Do”: Frontline Service Provider Perspectives of the Nature of Household Food Insecurity in Scotland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(12):2738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122738
Chicago/Turabian StyleDouglas, Flora, Fiona MacKenzie, Ourega-Zoé Ejebu, Stephen Whybrow, Ada L. Garcia, Lynda McKenzie, Anne Ludbrook, and Elizabeth Dowler. 2018. "“A Lot of People Are Struggling Privately. They Don’t Know Where to Go or They’re Not Sure of What to Do”: Frontline Service Provider Perspectives of the Nature of Household Food Insecurity in Scotland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122738