An Assessment of Magnitudes and Patterns of Socioeconomic Inequalities across Various Health Problems: A Large National Cross-Sectional Survey in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Health Conditions and States
2.2.2. Socioeconomic Position Indicators
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Previous Studies
4.1.1. Socioeconomic Inequalities in NCDs and Mental Health and Gender Differences
4.1.2. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cancer, Injuries, and Communicable Diseases
4.1.3. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health States and Differences in Three SEP Measures
4.1.4. Implications of Similarities and Differences of Health Inequalities among 12 Health Conditions
4.2. Methodological Consideration
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men | Women | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | p-Value † | N (%) | |
Number of individuals | 7515 (43.5) | 9777 (56.5) | 17,292 (100) | |
Age | ||||
30–64 | 5484 (73.0) | 7066 (72.3) | 12,550 (72.6) | |
≥65 | 2031 (27.0) | 2711 (27.7) | 0.3048 | 4742 (27.4) |
Income | ||||
Low | 1416 (19.1) | 2221 (23.1) | 3637 (21.4) | |
Mid-low | 1934 (26.1) | 2504 (26.0) | 4438 (26.1) | |
Mid-high | 2013 (27.2) | 2460 (25.6) | 4473 (26.3) | |
High | 2041 (27.6) | 2435 (25.3) | <0.001 | 4476 (26.3) |
Education | ||||
Age (30–64) | ||||
Low | 500 (10.3) | 1269 (19.2) | 1769 (15.4) | |
Middle | 2281 (46.8) | 3296 (49.7) | 5577 (48.5) | |
High | 2095 (43.0) | 2062 (31.1) | <0.001 | 4157 (36.1) |
Age (≥65) | ||||
Low | 837 (45.5) | 1996 (81.9) | 2833 (66.2) | |
Middle | 316 (17.2) | 206 (8.5) | 522 (12.2) | |
High | 688 (37.4) | 234 (9.6) | <0.001 | 922 (21.6) |
Occupation | ||||
Manager or office job | 1827 (35.6) | 1162 (28.0) | 2989 (32.2) | |
Service or sales | 687 (13.4) | 1183 (28.5) | 1870 (20.2) | |
Manual work | 2618 (51.0) | 1801 (43.4) | <0.001 | 4419 (47.6) |
Diabetes | ||||
Yes | 878 (14.0) | 822 (9.8) | 1700 (11.6) | |
No | 5394 (86.0) | 7561 (90.2) | <0.001 | 12,955 (88.4) |
Hypertension | ||||
Yes | 2493 (37.3) | 2956 (32.7) | 5449 (34.6) | |
No | 4192 (62.7) | 6097 (67.4) | <0.001 | 10,289 (65.4) |
Cancer | ||||
Yes | 74 (1.1) | 157 (1.7) | 231 (1.5) | |
No | 6648 (98.9) | 8926 (98.3) | <0.001 | 15,574 (98.5) |
Ischemic heart disease | ||||
Yes | 251 (3.7) | 252 (2.8) | 503 (3.2) | |
No | 6472 (96.3) | 8834 (97.2) | 0.3501 | 15,306 (96.8) |
Arthritis | ||||
Yes | 361 (9.1) | 1813 (33.9) | 2714 (23.3) | |
No | 3629 (91.0) | 3528 (66.1) | <0.001 | 7157 (76.7) |
Self-rated health status | ||||
Good | 5595 (83.2) | 6951 (76.5) | 12,546 (79.3) | |
Poor | 1129 (16.8) | 2137 (23.5) | <0.001 | 3266 (20.7) |
EQ-5D | ||||
Below median | 2613 (34.8) | 4497 (46.0) | 7110 (41.1) | |
Above median | 4902 (65.2) | 5280 (54.0) | <0.001 | 10,182 (58.9) |
Depressive mood | ||||
Yes | 627 (9.3) | 1517 (16.7) | 2144 (13.6) | |
No | 6098 (90.7) | 7543 (83.3) | <0.001 | 13,641 (86.4) |
Suicide ideation | ||||
Yes | 711 (10.6) | 1612 (17.8) | 2323 (14.7) | |
No | 6017 (89.4) | 7447 (82.2) | <0.001 | 13,460 (85.3) |
Suicide attempts | ||||
Yes | 51 (0.8) | 65 (0.7) | 116 (0.7) | |
No | 6673 (99.2) | 8991 (99.3) | 0.7671 | 15,664 (99.3) |
Hepatitis B | ||||
Yes | 287 (4.3) | 303 (3.5) | 590 (3.8) | |
No | 6379 (95.7) | 8436 (96.5) | 0.0072 | 14,815 (96.2) |
Injury experience | ||||
Yes | 468 (7.0) | 601 (6.6) | 1069 (6.8) | |
No | 6250 (93.0) | 8472 (93.4) | 0.3970 | 14,722 (93.2) |
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Shin, J.-Y.; Lim, J.; Ki, M.; Song, Y.-J.; Chun, H.; Kim, D. An Assessment of Magnitudes and Patterns of Socioeconomic Inequalities across Various Health Problems: A Large National Cross-Sectional Survey in Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122868
Shin J-Y, Lim J, Ki M, Song Y-J, Chun H, Kim D. An Assessment of Magnitudes and Patterns of Socioeconomic Inequalities across Various Health Problems: A Large National Cross-Sectional Survey in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(12):2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122868
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Ji-Yeon, Jiseun Lim, Myung Ki, Yeong-Jun Song, Heeran Chun, and Dongjin Kim. 2018. "An Assessment of Magnitudes and Patterns of Socioeconomic Inequalities across Various Health Problems: A Large National Cross-Sectional Survey in Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122868