Awareness and Work-Related Factors Associated with Scrub Typhus: A Case-Control Study from South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.2. Study Design, Setting and Subjects
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Definition of Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total n = 171 (%) | Case n = 57 (%) | Control n = 114 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1.000 * | |||
Female | 105 (61.4) | 35 (61.4) | 70 (61.4) | |
Male | 66 (38.6) | 22 (38.6) | 44 (38.6) | |
Age (in years) | 0.850 † | |||
<50 | 4 (2.3) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (2.6) | |
50–59 | 34 (19.9) | 11 (19.3) | 23 (20.2) | |
60–69 | 46 (26.9) | 16 (28.1) | 30 (26.3) | |
≥70 | 87 (50.9) | 29 (50.9) | 58 (50.9) | |
Education level | 0.244 † | |||
None | 43 (25.4) | 11 (19.6) | 32 (28.3) | |
Primary school graduate(≤6 years of schooling) | 61 (36.1) | 29 (51.8) | 32 (28.3) | |
Middle school graduate (6 to 9 years of schooling) | 30 (17.8) | 9 (16.1) | 21 (18.6) | |
High school graduate (9 to12 years of schooling) | 24 (14.2) | 5 (8.9) | 19 (16.8) | |
College or university graduate (≥12 years of education) | 11 (6.5) | 2 (3.6) | 9 (8.0) | |
History of receiving prevention education about scrub typhus | 0.366 * | |||
No | 154 (90.1) | 53 (93.0) | 101 (88.6) | |
Yes | 17 (9.9) | 4 (7.0) | 13 (11.4) | |
Heard about scrub typhus | 0.010 * | |||
No | 45 (26.3) | 22 (38.6) | 23 (20.2) | |
Yes | 126 (73.7) | 35 (61.4) | 91 (79.8) |
Awareness Components | Response | Total, 171 (%) | Case, 57 (%) | Control, 114 (%) † | Crude OR * (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occurs in Autumn (September–Novermber) | yes | 87 (50.9) | 23 (40.4) | 64 (56.1) | 0.52 (0.27–1.00) | 0.052 |
Caused by bite with small mite | yes | 76 (44.4) | 22 (38.6) | 54 (47.4) | 0.69 (0.36–1.33) | 0.27 |
Mites are mainly found in the bushes | yes | 105 (61.4) | 27 (47.4) | 78 (68.4) | 0.41 (0.21–0.79) | 0.008 |
Symptoms of illness occur 1–2 weeks after bite by mite | yes | 61 (35.7) | 22 (38.6) | 39 (34.2) | 1.20 (0.62–2.33) | 0.572 |
Symptoms are similar to cold symptoms (headache, fever and chills) | yes | 103 (60.2) | 34 (59.6) | 69 (60.5) | 0.96 (0.50–1.84) | 0.912 |
The most characteristics sign is the eschar lesion | yes | 83 (48.5) | 32 (56.1) | 51 (44.7) | 1.58 (8.33–3.00) | 0.160 |
Patient do not die when no treatment | yes | 94 (55.0) | 27 (47.4) | 67 (58.8) | 0.63 (0.33–1.19) | 0.158 |
Does not infect others | yes | 83 (48.5) | 27 (47.4) | 56 (49.1) | 0.93 (0.49–1.76) | 0.829 |
It does not re-occur once it is occurred | yes | 51 (29.8) | 15 (26.3) | 36 (31.6) | 0.77 (0.38–1.57) | 0.478 |
We must wear long sleeves and pants work clothes and boots to prevent from scrub typhus | yes | 120 (70.2) | 33 (57.9) | 87 (76.3) | 0.42 (0.21–0.84) | 0.013 |
Use of tick repellent prevents scrub typhus | yes | 108 (63.2) | 31 (54.4) | 77 (67.5) | 0.57 (0.29–1.10) | 0.093 |
For prevention, should not sit or lie on the grass | yes | 122 (71.3) | 35 (61.4) | 87 (76.3) | 0.49 (0.24–0.98) | 0.042 |
For prevention, do not put clothes on the grass | yes | 121 (70.8) | 35 (61.4) | 86 (75.4) | 0.51 (0.26–1.02) | 0.057 |
For prevention, take off work clothes immediately after outdoor work | yes | 121 (70.8) | 34 (59.6) | 87 (76.3) | 0.45 (0.23–0.90) | 0.024 |
For prevention, take a bath or shower immediately after working outdoors | yes | 122 (71.3) | 35 (61.4) | 87 (76.3) | 0.49 (0.24–0.98) | 0.042 |
For prevention, keep work clothes and daily clothes separately | yes | 123 (71.9) | 35 (61.4) | 88 (77.2) | 0.47 (0.23–0.93) | 0.030 |
Work Related Factors | Response | Total, 171 (%) | Case, 57(%) | Control, 114 (%) † | Crude OR * (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residence house has separate shower | yes | 152 (88.9) | 54 (94.7) | 98 (86.0) | 2.93 (0.81–10.53) | 0.085 |
A wetland or a puddle of water around the house | yes | 33 (19.3) | 17 (29.8) | 16 (14.0) | 2.60 (1.19–5.65) | 0.014 |
Wild mice seen | yes | 46 (26.9) | 15 (26.3) | 31 (27.2) | 0.95 (0. 46-1.96) | 0.903 |
Rat secretion seen | yes | 40 (23.4) | 16 (28.1) | 24 (21.1) | 1.46 (0.70–3.04) | 0.307 |
Rice field related work (cultivating a rice field) | yes | 71 (41.5) | 25 (43.9) | 46 (40.4) | 1.15 (0.60–2.19) | 0.661 |
Dry field farming | yes | 110 (64.3) | 44 (77.2) | 66 (57.9) | 2.46 (1.19–5.06) | 0.013 |
Work related to cultivation of fruit trees | yes | 22 (12.9) | 10 (17.5) | 12 (10.5) | 1.80 (0.73–4.48) | 0.196 |
vinyl greenhouse farming | yes | 5 (2.9) | 3 (5.3) | 2 (1.8) | 3.11 (0.50–19.17) | 0.199 |
Livestock industry (breeding cattle, goat, and chicken) | yes | 34 (19.9) | 16 (28.1) | 18 (15.8) | 2.08 (0.96–4.47) | 0.058 |
Variables | Crude OR ** (95% CI) | p-Value | Adjusted† OR ** (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Awareness | ||||
Mites are mainly found in the bushes | 0.41 (0.21–0.79) | 0.008 | 0.14 (0.03–0.58) | 0.006 |
The most characteristics sign is the eschar lesion | 1.58 (8.33–3.00) | 0.160 | 25.33 (4.25–151.01) | 0.000 |
We must wear long sleeves and pants work clothes and boots to prevent from scrub typhus | 0.42 (0.21–0.84) | 0.013 | 0.08 (0.013–0.47) | 0.005 |
Work related factors | ||||
A wetland or a puddle of water around the house | 2.60 (1.19–5.65) | 0.014 | 2.87 (1.09–7.51) | 0.032 |
Dry field farming | 2.46 (1.19–5.06) | 0.013 | 2.72 (1.15–6.42) | 0.022 |
Livestock industry (breeding cattle, goat, and chicken) | 2.08 (0.96–4.47) | 0.058 | 2.80 (1.04–7.5) | 0.041 |
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Kim, D.-S.; Acharya, D.; Lee, K.; Yoo, S.-J.; Park, J.-H.; Lim, H.-S. Awareness and Work-Related Factors Associated with Scrub Typhus: A Case-Control Study from South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061143
Kim D-S, Acharya D, Lee K, Yoo S-J, Park J-H, Lim H-S. Awareness and Work-Related Factors Associated with Scrub Typhus: A Case-Control Study from South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(6):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061143
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Dong-Seob, Dilaram Acharya, Kwan Lee, Seok-Ju Yoo, Ji-Hyuk Park, and Hyun-Sul Lim. 2018. "Awareness and Work-Related Factors Associated with Scrub Typhus: A Case-Control Study from South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6: 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061143