Impact of Indoor Physical Environment on Learning Efficiency in Different Types of Tasks: A 3 × 4 × 3 Full Factorial Design Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Environmental Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Learning Tasks
2.3.1. Perception-Oriented Task
2.3.2. Memory-Oriented Task
2.3.3. Problem-Solving-Oriented Task
2.3.4. Attention-Oriented Task
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Main Effects of Indoor Physical Environment on Learning Efficiency in Different Tasks
3.2. Interaction Effects of Indoor Physical Environment on Learning Efficiency in Different Tasks
3.3. Optimal Environmental Scenarios in Different Types of Learning Tasks
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T1 | T2 | T3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I1 | I2 | I3 | I1 | I2 | I3 | I1 | I2 | I3 | |
N1 | T1N1I1 | T1N1I2 | T1N1I3 | T2N1I1 | T2N1I2 | T2N1I3 | T3N1I1 | T3N1I2 | T3N1I3 |
N2 | T1N2I1 | T1N2I2 | T1N2I3 | T2N2I1 | T2N2I2 | T2N2I3 | T3N2I1 | T3N2I2 | T3N2I3 |
N3 | T1N3I1 | T1N3I2 | T1N1I3 | T2N3I1 | T2N3I2 | T2N3I3 | T3N3I1 | T3N3I2 | T3N3I3 |
N4 | T1N4I1 | T1N4I2 | T1N4I3 | T2N4I1 | T2N4I2 | T2N4I3 | T3N4I1 | T3N4I2 | T3N4I3 |
Task Type | Test |
---|---|
Perception-oriented task | The Rochester color word test |
Memory-oriented task | Recognition of meaningless images |
Problem-solving-oriented task | Reading comprehension |
Attention-oriented task | Number searching test |
DF | SS | MS | F | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception-oriented task | AC a | Temperature | 2 | 266.485 | 133.242 | 3.329 | 0.037 * |
Noise | 3 | 140.617 | 46.872 | 1.171 | 0.321 | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 10.990 | 5.495 | 0.137 | 0.872 | ||
RT a | Temperature | 2 | 4332.198 | 2166.099 | 2.478 | 0.085 | |
Noise | 3 | 6634.407 | 2211.469 | 2.530 | 0.057 | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 23,257.991 | 11,628.996 | 13.306 | 0.000 * | ||
PI a | Temperature | 2 | 0.116 | 0.058 | 2.742 | 0.066 | |
Noise | 3 | 0.166 | 0.055 | 2.623 | 0.051 | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 0.561 | 0.280 | 13.286 | 0.000 * | ||
Memory-oriented task | AC a | Temperature | 2 | 143.889 | 71.944 | 0.376 | 0.687 |
Noise | 3 | 263.056 | 87.685 | 0.458 | 0.712 | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 27.222 | 13.611 | 0.071 | 0.931 | ||
RT a | Temperature | 2 | 503.439 | 251.719 | 4.144 | 0.017 * | |
Noise | 3 | 1625.484 | 541.828 | 8.920 | 0.000 * | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 802.265 | 401.326 | 6.607 | 0.002 * | ||
PI a | Temperature | 2 | 9.205 | 4.603 | 3.905 | 0.021 * | |
Noise | 3 | 19.891 | 6.630 | 5.626 | 0.001 * | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 13.999 | 6.999 | 5.939 | 0.003 * | ||
Problem-solving-oriented task | AC a | Temperature | 2 | 168.889 | 84.444 | 0.210 | 0.811 |
Noise | 3 | 2111.111 | 703.704 | 1.750 | 0.157 | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 1135.556 | 567.778 | 1.412 | 0.245 | ||
RT a | Temperature | 2 | 11,086.794 | 5543.397 | 5.207 | 0.006 * | |
Noise | 3 | 47,443.360 | 15,814.453 | 14.855 | 0.000 * | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 2820.614 | 1410.307 | 1.325 | 0.267 | ||
PI a | Temperature | 2 | 0.035 | 0.017 | 0.949 | 0.388 | |
Noise | 3 | 0.540 | 0.180 | 9.870 | 0.000 * | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 0.120 | 0.060 | 3.277 | 0.039 * | ||
Attention-oriented task | AC a | Temperature | 2 | 1.645 | 0.823 | 0.160 | 0.852 |
Noise | 3 | 1.037 | 0.346 | 0.067 | 0.977 | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 3.196 | 1.598 | 0.311 | 0.733 | ||
RT a | Temperature | 2 | 4211.492 | 2105.746 | 4.544 | 0.011 * | |
Noise | 3 | 6441.957 | 2147.319 | 4.634 | 0.003 * | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 122.755 | 61.378 | 0.132 | 0.876 | ||
PI a | Temperature | 2 | 6.188 | 3.094 | 10.197 | 0.000 * | |
Noise | 3 | 2.042 | 0.675 | 2.224 | 0.085 | ||
Illuminance | 2 | 0.538 | 0.269 | 0.887 | 0.413 |
DF | SS | MS | F | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception-oriented task | AC a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 593.650 | 98.942 | 2.472 | 0.024 * |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 159.008 | 39.752 | 0.993 | 0.411 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 115.778 | 19.296 | 0.482 | 0.822 | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 556.346 | 46.362 | 1.158 | 0.312 | ||
RT a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 11,300.046 | 1883.341 | 2.155 | 0.047 * | |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 1878.833 | 469.708 | 0.537 | 0.708 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 13,754.610 | 2292.435 | 2.623 | 0.017 * | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 12,794.923 | 1066.244 | 1.220 | 0.268 | ||
PI a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 0.265 | 0.044 | 2.089 | 0.054 | |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 0.080 | 0.020 | 0.949 | 0.436 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 0.300 | 0.050 | 2.370 | 0.030 * | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 0.387 | 0.032 | 1.528 | 0.113 | ||
Memory-oriented task | AC a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 909.444 | 151.574 | 0.791 | 0.577 |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 427.778 | 106.944 | 0.558 | 0.693 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 312.778 | 52.130 | 0.272 | 0.950 | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 352.222 | 29.352 | 0.153 | 1.000 | ||
RT a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 1714.152 | 285.692 | 4.703 | 0.000 * | |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 905.583 | 226.396 | 3.727 | 0.006 * | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 541.087 | 90.181 | 1.485 | 0.183 | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 2307.325 | 192.277 | 3.165 | 0.000 * | ||
PI a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 27.491 | 4.582 | 3.888 | 0.001 * | |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 7.639 | 1.910 | 1.620 | 0.169 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 10.209 | 1.702 | 1.444 | 0.197 | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 39.091 | 3.258 | 2.764 | 0.001 * | ||
Problem-solving-oriented task | AC a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 328.889 | 54.815 | 0.136 | 0.991 |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 917.778 | 229.444 | 0.570 | 0.684 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 1628.889 | 271.481 | 0.675 | 0.670 | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 3011.111 | 250.926 | 0.624 | 0.822 | ||
RT a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 29,068.415 | 4844.736 | 4.551 | 0.000 * | |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 3051.334 | 762.834 | 0.717 | 0.581 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 8474.340 | 1412.390 | 1.327 | 0.245 | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 18,005.647 | 1500.471 | 1.409 | 0.160 | ||
PI a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 0.142 | 0.024 | 1.292 | 0.260 | |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 0.046 | 0.012 | 0.635 | 0.638 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 0.141 | 0.024 | 1.291 | 0.261 | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 0.370 | 0.031 | 1.687 | 0.068 | ||
Attention-oriented task | AC a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 22.273 | 3.712 | 0.721 | 0.633 |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 38.863 | 9.716 | 1.888 | 0.112 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 15.226 | 2.538 | 0.493 | 0.813 | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 46.285 | 3.857 | 0.750 | 0.702 | ||
RT a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 5646.301 | 941.050 | 2.031 | 0.061 | |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 1854.149 | 463.537 | 1.000 | 0.408 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 7081.988 | 1180.331 | 2.547 | 0.020 * | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 10,469.745 | 872.479 | 1.883 | 0.036 * | ||
PI a | Temperature × Noise | 6 | 4.163 | 0.694 | 2.287 | 0.035 * | |
Temperature × Illuminance | 4 | 0.430 | 0.107 | 0.354 | 0.841 | ||
Noise × Illuminance | 6 | 3.988 | 0.665 | 2.191 | 0.044 * | ||
Temperature × Noise × Illuminance | 12 | 5.196 | 0.433 | 1.427 | 0.152 |
Perception-oriented task | 17 °C | 22 °C | 27 °C | |||||||
60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | 60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | 60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | ||
40 dB(A) | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 0.66 ± 0.13 | 0.68 ± 0.12 | 0.65 ± 0.14 | 0.76 ± 0.13 | 0.79 ± 0.21 | 0.64 ± 0.17 | 0.63 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.12 b | |
50 dB(A) | 0.62 ± 0.16 | 0.69 ± 0.11 | 0.75 ± 0.15 | 0.60 ± 0.12 | 0.67 ± 0.16 | 0.81 ± 0.21 a | 0.63 ± 0.21 | 0.63 ± 0.08 | 0.76 ± 0.13 | |
60 dB(A) | 0.68 ± 0.18 | 0.64 ± 0.11 | 0.70 ± 0.13 | 0.70 ± 0.16 | 0.66 ± 0.13 | 0.72 ± 0.17 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | 0.64 ± 0.16 | 0.80 ± 0.16 | |
70 dB(A) | 0.63 ± 0.13 | 0.60 ± 0.08 | 0.79 ± 0.16 | 0.56 ± 0.08 | 0.59 ± 0.20 | 0.64 ± 0.18 | 0.56 ± 0.10 | 0.62 ± 0.12 | 0.72 ± 0.16 | |
Memory-oriented task | 17 °C | 22 °C | 27 °C | |||||||
60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | 60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | 60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | ||
40 dB(A) | 3.68 ± 1.09 | 2.77 ± 0.64 | 4.00 ± 1.91 | 3.38 ± 0.86 | 3.74 ± 1.10 | 3.83 ± 1.19 | 2.51 ± 0.80 | 3.61 ± 1.11 | 2.40 ± 0.64 | |
50 dB(A) | 3.60 ± 1.25 | 3.39 ± 0.93 | 3.03 ± 1.04 | 2.68 ± 0.60 | 3.04 ± 1.27 | 4.04 ± 1.43 | 2.61 ± 0.94 | 4.08 ± 1.36 a | 4.07 ± 1.79 | |
60 dB(A) | 3.40 ± 1.60 | 3.57 ± 1.19 | 2.88 ± 0.88 | 2.25 ± 0.42 | 3.08 ± 0.86 | 2.70 ± 0.89 | 3.11 ± 0.95 | 3.12 ± 1.20 | 3.50 ± 0.84 | |
70 dB(A) | 2.78 ± 0.71 | 3.06 ± 1.16 | 3.96 ± 1.83 | 2.17 ± 0.60 b | 2.28 ± 0.50 | 2.22 ± 0.56 | 2.50 ± 0.73 | 2.41 ± 0.84 | 3.79 ± 1.09 | |
Problem-solving-oriented task | 17 °C | 22 °C | 27 °C | |||||||
60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | 60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | 60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | ||
40 dB(A) | 0.51 ± 0.13 | 0.39 ± 0.10 | 0.50 ± 0.21 | 0.46 ± 0.11 | 0.52 ± 0.20 a | 0.46 ± 0.17 | 0.41 ± 0.11 | 0.48 ± 0.14 | 0.38 ± 0.15 | |
50 dB(A) | 0.42 ± 0.13 | 0.47 ± 0.11 | 0.47 ± 0.17 | 0.44 ± 0.13 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.49 ± 0.16 | 0.39 ± 0.15 | 0.49 ± 0.13 | 0.47 ± 0.19 | |
60 dB(A) | 0.38 ± 0.12 | 0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.36 ± 0.14 | 0.32 ± 0.14 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | 0.33 ± 0.15 | 0.32 ± 0.11 | 0.38 ± 0.09 | 0.49 ± 0.14 | |
70 dB(A) | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.39 ± 0.09 | 0.47 ± 0.13 | 0.30 ± 0.11 b | 0.33 ± 0.13 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 0.38 ± 0.13 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | |
Attention-oriented task | 17 °C | 22 °C | 27 °C | |||||||
60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | 60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | 60 lx | 300 lx | 2200 lx | ||
40 dB(A) | 1.69 ± 0.69 | 1.38 ± 0.42 | 2.13 ± 1.02 a | 1.50 ± 0.28 | 1.65 ± 0.65 | 1.68 ± 0.57 | 1.30 ± 0.19 | 1.37 ± 0.24 | 1.34 ± 0.37 | |
50 dB(A) | 1.42 ± 0.39 | 1.62 ± 0.60 | 1.72 ± 1.11 | 1.21 ± 0.22 | 1.26 ± 0.27 | 1.59 ± 2.37 | 1.68 ± 0.84 | 1.50 ± 0.31 | 1.51 ± 0.26 | |
60 dB(A) | 1.77 ± 0.94 | 1.74 ± 0.51 | 1.03 ± 0.27 b | 1.22 ± 0.38 | 1.40 ± 0.37 | 1.17 ± 0.25 | 1.40 ± 0.48 | 1.39 ± 0.39 | 1.42 ± 0.25 | |
70 dB(A) | 1.71 ± 0.98 | 1.52 ± 0.41 | 1.95 ± 1.38 | 1.18 ± 0.17 | 1.06 ± 0.12 | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 1.40 ± 0.38 | 1.06 ± 0.19 | 1.43 ± 0.23 |
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Xiong, L.; Huang, X.; Li, J.; Mao, P.; Wang, X.; Wang, R.; Tang, M. Impact of Indoor Physical Environment on Learning Efficiency in Different Types of Tasks: A 3 × 4 × 3 Full Factorial Design Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061256
Xiong L, Huang X, Li J, Mao P, Wang X, Wang R, Tang M. Impact of Indoor Physical Environment on Learning Efficiency in Different Types of Tasks: A 3 × 4 × 3 Full Factorial Design Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(6):1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061256
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Lilin, Xiao Huang, Jie Li, Peng Mao, Xiang Wang, Rubing Wang, and Meng Tang. 2018. "Impact of Indoor Physical Environment on Learning Efficiency in Different Types of Tasks: A 3 × 4 × 3 Full Factorial Design Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6: 1256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061256