A Scale for the Management of Aggressive and Violent Behaviour (C_MAVAS): Psychometric Properties Testing in Mental Health Nurses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Translation Procedures
2.1.1. Forward Translation
2.1.2. Backward Translation
2.2. Psychometric Testing
Content Validation
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Data Collection
2.4.1. Participants and Study Setting
2.4.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.4.3. Measures
3. Data Analysis
Exploratory Factor Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Participants’ Sociodemographic Characteristics
4.2. Construct Validity
4.3. Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability
5. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 102 | 38.9 | ||
Female | 160 | 61.1 | ||
Age group | ||||
<24 | 14 | 5.4 | ||
25–29 | 38 | 14.6 | ||
30–39 | 54 | 20.7 | ||
40–50 | 92 | 35.2 | ||
51–55 | 48 | 18.4 | ||
>55 | 15 | 5.7 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Single | 83 | 31.8 | ||
Married/Cohabitating | 168 | 64.4 | ||
Divorced/Widowed | 10 | 3.9 | ||
Education level | ||||
Non-degree | 68 | 26.4 | ||
Bachelor Degree | 113 | 44.0 | ||
Master Degree or above | 76 | 29.6 | ||
Job position | ||||
Enrolled Nurse (Psychiatric) | 53 | 20.2 | ||
Registered Nurse (Psychiatric) | 131 | 50.0 | ||
Advanced Practice Nurse (Psychiatric) | 50 | 19.1 | ||
Nurse Officer (Psychiatric) | 8 | 3.1 | ||
Ward Manager (Psychiatric) | 16 | 6.1 | ||
Nurse Consultant (Psychiatric) | 2 | 0.8 | ||
Other | 2 | 0.8 | ||
Years of experience in current position | ||||
0–5 Years | 139 | 53.3 | ||
6–10 Years | 56 | 21.5 | ||
11–15 Years | 15 | 5.7 | ||
16–20 Years | 23 | 8.8 | ||
>20 Years | 28 | 10.7 | ||
Years of working in psychiatric hospital | ||||
0–5 Years | 68 | 26.6 | ||
6–10 Years | 30 | 11.7 | ||
11–15 Years | 20 | 7.8 | ||
16–20 Years | 48 | 18.8 | ||
>20 Years | 90 | 35.2 |
Category | N | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Experience in management of patients’ violence and aggression in the past 12 months | |||
Yes | 210 | 80.2 | |
No | 52 | 19.8 | |
Experience of verbal abuse | |||
Yes | 199 | 79.3 | |
No | 52 | 20.7 | |
Experience of physical assault | |||
Yes | 166 | 66.1 | |
No | 85 | 33.9 | |
Experience of sexual assault | |||
Yes | 36 | 14.3 | |
No | 215 | 85.7 | |
Frequency of being verbally abused by patients in the past 12 months | |||
0–5 Times | 171 | 65.3 | |
6–10 Times | 29 | 11.1 | |
11–15 Times | 13 | 5.0 | |
16–20 Times | 4 | 1.5 | |
>20 Times | 45 | 17.2 | |
Frequency of being physical assaulted by patients in the past 12 months | |||
0–5 Times | 226 | 86.9 | |
6–10 Times | 19 | 7.3 | |
11–15 Times | 8 | 3.1 | |
16–20 Times | 2 | 0.8 | |
>20 Times | 5 | 1.9 | |
Frequency of being sexual assaulted by patients in the past 12 months | |||
0–5 Times | 255 | 98.1 | |
6–10 Times | 3 | 1.2 | |
>11 Times | 2 | 0.8 | |
Frequency of being verbally abused by patients’ family members/visitors in the past 12 months | |||
0–5 Times | 234 | 89.7 | |
6–10 Times | 14 | 5.4 | |
11–15 Times | 6 | 2.3 | |
16–20 Times | 2 | 0.8 | |
>20 Times | 5 | 1.9 | |
Frequency of being physical assaulted by patients’ family members/visitors in the past 12 months | |||
0–5 Times | 259 | 99.2 | |
6–10 Times | 1 | 0.4 | |
11–15 Times | 1 | 0.4 | |
Frequency of being sexual assaulted by patients’ family members/visitors in the past 12 months | |||
0–5 Times | 258 | 99.2 | |
6–10 Times | 2 | 0.8 | |
Injury due to patients’ or their family members/visitors’ violence and aggression in the past 12 months | |||
Yes | 36 | 14.0 | |
No | 222 | 86.0 | |
Abrasions | |||
Yes | 25 | 61.0 | |
No | 16 | 39.0 | |
Bruises | |||
Yes | 22 | 53.7 | |
No | 19 | 46.3 | |
Swelling | |||
Yes | 13 | 31.7 | |
No | 28 | 68.3 | |
Hematoma | |||
Yes | 0 | 0.0 | |
No | 41 | 100.0 | |
Other type of injury | |||
Yes | 3 | 7.3 | |
No | 38 | 92.7 | |
Reported aggression/violent incidents | |||
Yes | 150 | 64.7 | |
No | 82 | 35.3 | |
Attended training course on management of violence in the past 5 years | |||
Yes | 252 | 96.6 | |
No | 9 | 3.4 | |
Violent/aggressive incidents can be prevented in your workplace | |||
Yes | 202 | 77.1 | |
No | 60 | 22.9 | |
Feeling safe in workplace | |||
Yes | 227 | 86.6 | |
No | 35 | 13.4 |
Items | N | Mean ± SD | Component | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
Improved one to one relationships between staff and patients can reduce the incidence of patient aggression and violence. | 262 | 2.18 ± 0.67 | 0.672 | |||
The use of de-escalation is successful in preventing violence. | 261 | 2.22 ± 0.63 | 0.639 | |||
The use of negotiation could be used more effectively when managing aggression and violence. | 262 | 2.22 ± 0.65 | 0.607 | |||
Aggressive patients will calm down automatically if left alone. | 262 | 2.65 ± 0.70 | 0.428 | |||
Patient aggression could be handled more effectively on this ward. | 255 | 2.70 ± 0.77 | 0.422 | |||
If the physical environment were different, patients would be less aggressive. | 261 | 2.61 ± 0.69 | 0.400 | |||
It is largely situations that contribute towards the expression of aggression by patients. | 262 | 2.73 ± 0.70 | 0.310 | |||
Physical restraint is sometimes used more than necessary. | 262 | 3.42 ± 0.95 | 0.633 | |||
Alternatives to the use of containment and sedation to manage patient violence could be used more frequently. | 262 | 2.98 ± 0.82 | 0.599 | |||
Seclusion is sometimes used more than necessary. | 260 | 3.14 ± 0.80 | 0.589 | |||
The practice of secluding violent patients should be discontinued. | 262 | 3.71 ± 0.73 | 0.531 | |||
Expressions of aggression do not always require staff intervention. | 262 | 3.54 ± 0.88 | 0.423 | |||
Restrictive care environments can contribute towards patient aggression and violence. | 262 | 2.84 ± 0.79 | 0.378 | |||
Prescribed medication can in some instances lead to patient aggression and violence. | 262 | 3.04 ± 0.87 | 0.335 | |||
Poor communication between staff and patients leads to patient aggression. | 262 | 3.18 ± 0.89 | 0.733 | |||
Patients commonly become aggressive because staff do not listen to them. | 262 | 3.78 ± 0.87 | 0.708 | |||
Other people make patients aggressive or violent. | 262 | 2.64 ± 0.79 | 0.626 | |||
Patients are aggressive because of the environment they are in. | 262 | 2.62 ± 0.91 | 0.520 | |||
Patients are aggressive because they are ill. | 260 | 2.76 ± 0.81 | ||||
All patients are verbally abusive. | 262 | 3.65 ± 1.06 | 0.617 | |||
Patients who are violent are often restrained for their own safety. | 261 | 2.48 ± 0.89 | 0.453 | |||
It is difficult to prevent patients from becoming violent or aggressive. | 261 | 3.05 ± 0.98 | 0.435 | |||
There appear to be types of patients who frequently become aggressive towards staff. | 262 | 2.24 ± 0.73 | 0.432 | |||
Different approaches are used on this ward to manage patient aggression and violence. | 258 | 2.11 ± 0.66 | 0.415 | |||
Medication is a valuable approach for treating aggressive and violent behaviour. | 262 | 2.04 ± 0.68 | 0.411 | |||
When a patient is violent, seclusion is one of the most effective approaches to use. | 262 | 2.33 ± 0.73 | 0.360 | |||
Patients who are aggressive towards staff should try to control their feelings. | 261 | 2.16 ± 0.63 | 0.313 | 0.338 | ||
% of variance explained | 14.87 | 8.33 | 6.84 | 5.93 |
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Cheung, T.; Mui, J.; Ho, Y.S.; Chien, W.T. A Scale for the Management of Aggressive and Violent Behaviour (C_MAVAS): Psychometric Properties Testing in Mental Health Nurses. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071496
Cheung T, Mui J, Ho YS, Chien WT. A Scale for the Management of Aggressive and Violent Behaviour (C_MAVAS): Psychometric Properties Testing in Mental Health Nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7):1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071496
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheung, Teris, Jolene Mui, Yuen Shan Ho, and Wai Tong Chien. 2018. "A Scale for the Management of Aggressive and Violent Behaviour (C_MAVAS): Psychometric Properties Testing in Mental Health Nurses" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071496