Relationship between Problematic Internet Use, Sleep Problems, and Oral Health in Korean Adolescents: A National Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.3. General Demographic Characteristics
2.4. Health Related Factors
2.5. Problematic Internet Use
2.6. Oral Health
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Oral Disease Symptoms Experienced According to General Characteristics
3.2. Oral Disease Symptoms Experienced According to Health Related Factors and Problematic Internet Use
3.3. Risk of Oral Disease Symptoms According to Problematic Internet Use and Sleep Problems by Gender
3.4. Subgroup Analysis of the Relationship between Problematic Internet Use and Each of the Six Oral Disease Symptoms
3.5. Path Analysis for Direct and Indirect Causal Relationships between Problematic Internet Use, Sleep, and Oral Health
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Oral Disease Symptoms N (Weighted %) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Sex | Boys | 23,973 (61.9) | 14,418 (38.1) | <0.001 |
Girls | 24,551 (70.2) | 10,296 (29.8) | ||
Grade | Middle School 1st (13-years-old) | 7557 (60.2) | 4911 (39.8) | <0.001 |
Middle school 2nd (14-years-old) | 7559 (61.4) | 4740 (38.6) | ||
Middle school 3rd (15-years-old) | 8183 (64.6) | 4420 (35.4) | ||
High school 1st (16-years-old) | 8438 (69.4) | 3583 (30.6) | ||
High school 2nd (17-years-old) | 8440 (68.9) | 3684 (31.1) | ||
High school 3rd (18-years-old) | 8147 (70.4) | 3376 (29.6) | ||
Academic Performance | High | 17,036 (65.1) | 8915 (34.9) | <0.001 |
Middle | 12,795 (64.4) | 6856 (35.6) | ||
Low | 18,693 (67.5) | 8943 (32.5) | ||
Perceived Family Economic Status | High | 12,637 (59.7) | 8435 (40.3) | <0.001 |
Middle | 22,558 (65.5) | 11,695 (34.5) | ||
Low | 13,329 (74.1) | 4584 (25.9) | ||
Living Status | Living with family | 45,885 (65.8) | 23,457 (34.2) | <0.001 |
Living with relatives | 765 (67.9) | 355 (32.1) | ||
Boarding, living in dorm | 1600 (67.4) | 665 (32.6) | ||
Living in a care facility | 274 (53.0) | 237 (47.0) |
Variable | Category | Oral Disease Symptoms N = 74,238 (Weighted %) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Health Related Factors | ||||
Alcohol | Yes | 28,240 (69.6) | 12,118 (30.4) | <0.001 |
No | 20,284 (61.2) | 12,596 (38.8) | ||
Smoking | Yes | 13,738 (70.5) | 5647 (29.5) | <0.001 |
No | 34,786 (64.2) | 19,067 (35.8) | ||
Stress Level | Not at all | 725 (42.0) | 969 (58.0) | <0.001 |
Not much | 5144 (51.4) | 4367 (48.6) | ||
A little | 19,022 (63.8) | 10,647 (36.2) | ||
A lot | 16,427 (72.5) | 6158 (27.5) | ||
Very much | 7206 (75.3) | 2303 (24.7) | ||
Sleep Satisfaction | Completely sufficient | 3073 (55.2) | 2438 (44.8) | <0.001 |
Sufficient | 8866 (59.4) | 5950 (40.6) | ||
Moderate | 16,123 (64.9) | 8443 (35.1) | ||
Not sufficient | 13,726 (70.7) | 5471 (29.3) | ||
Not at all sufficient | 6736 (74.3) | 2412 (25.7) | ||
Sleep Duration (night/per day) | Less than 5 h | 5832 (66.4) | 2851 (33.6) | 0.201 |
≥5–7 h | 31,738 (65.9) | 16,040 (34.1) | ||
≥7–9 h | 10,382 (65.0) | 5528 (35.0) | ||
More than 9 h | 572 (65.9) | 295 (34.1) | ||
a PIU Group | General group | 45,340 (65.0) | 23,857 (35.0) | <0.001 |
Potential risk group | 1468 (78.8) | 398 (21.2) | ||
High risk group | 1716 (79.9) | 459 (20.1) | ||
Time of Internet Use (hours/day, weekend) | Less than 1 h | 1408 (66.7) | 699 (33.3) | <0.001 |
≥1–2 h | 7859 (63.3) | 4478 (36.7) | ||
≥2–3 h | 10,279 (66.5) | 5162 (33.5) | ||
≥3–4 h | 7760 (68.5) | 3546 (31.5) | ||
≥4–5 h | 4552 (69.4) | 1988 (30.6) | ||
≥5–6 h | 2661 (73.4) | 998 (26.6) | ||
More than 6 h | 3679 (72.4) | 1387 (27.6) |
Variable | Model I a OR (95% CI) | Model II b AOR (95% CI)d | Model III c AOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Problematic Internet Use | |||
Group (Boys) | |||
General group | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Potential risk group | 1.78 (1.49–2.14) | 1.74 (1.45–2.09) | 1.59 (1.32–1.91) |
High risk group | 2.25 (1.91–2.64) | 2.14 (1.82–2.53) | 1.92 (1.63–2.28) |
Duration of Internet use (h/day, weekends) | |||
Within 1 h | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥1–2 h | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 0.85 (0.70–1.02) | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) |
≥2–3 h | 0.98 (0.82–1.17) | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) |
≥3–4 h | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 1.04 (0.86–1.27) | 1.01 (0.84–1.23) |
≥4–5 h | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | 1.02 (0.82–1.26) | 0.96 (0.78–1.19) |
≥5–6 h | 1.24 (1.01–1.53) | 1.23 (0.99–1.51) | 1.13 (0.92–1.41) |
More than 6 h | 1.16 (0.95–1.42) | 1.12 (0.92–1.38) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) |
Sleep satisfaction | |||
Completely sufficient | 1 | 1 | |
Sufficient | 1.15 (1.03–1.28) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | |
Moderately sufficient | 1.45 (1.31–1.60) | 1.19 (1.07–1.31) | |
Not sufficient | 1.87 (1.66–2.11) | 1.41 (1.25–1.59) | |
Not at all sufficient | 2.01 (1.76–2.29) | 1.40 (1.23–1.60) | |
Sleep duration | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | |
Problematic Internet Use Group (Girls) | |||
General group | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Potential risk group | 2.27 (1.74–2.97) | 2.15 (1.65–2.80) | 1.89 (1.44–2.48) |
High risk group | 2.41 (1.83–3.17) | 2.23 (1.70–2.93) | 1.98 (1.50–2.63) |
Duration of Internet use (h/day, weekends) | |||
Within 1 h | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥1–2 h | 0.90 (0.79–1.04) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) |
≥2–3 h | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) |
≥3–4 h | 1.19 (1.02–1.40) | 1.17 (0.99–1.37) | 1.04 (0.89–1.23) |
≥4–5 h | 1.35 (1.14–1.59) | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | 1.12 (0.94–1.32) |
≥5–6 h | 1.69 (1.40–2.04) | 1.61 (1.33–1.94) | 1.38 (1.14–1.67) |
More than 6 h | 1.48 (1.23–1.77) | 1.40 (1.16–1.67) | 1.17 (0.97–1.40) |
Sleep satisfaction | |||
Completely sufficient | 1 | 1 | |
Sufficient | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) | |
Moderately sufficient | 1.26 (1.09–1.46) | 1.07 (0.93–1.24) | |
Not sufficient | 1.59 (1.38–1.83) | 1.23 (1.07–1.42) | |
Not at all sufficient | 2.10 (1.81–2.44) | 1.44 (1.24–1.67) | |
Sleep duration | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) |
Variable (Six Oral Disease Symptoms) | PIU Group | Model I OR (95% CI) | Model II a AOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Chipped or broken tooth (Yes) | General group | 1 | 1 |
Potential group | 1.29 (1.116–1.487) | 1.03 (0.872–1.211) | |
High risk group | 1.60 (1.392–1.829) | 1.14 (0.977–1.334) | |
Toothache when eating | General group | 1 | 1 |
Potential group | 1.77 (1.590–1.971) | 1.53 (1.357–1.856) | |
High risk group | 1.88 (1.702–2.083) | 1.71 (1.523–1.923) | |
Throbbing and sore tooth | General group | 1 | 1 |
Potential group | 1.66 (1.48–1.875) | 1.55 (1.349–1.786) | |
High risk group | 1.96 (1.770–2.164) | 1.71 (1.520–1.927) | |
Sore and bleeding gums | General group | 1 | 1 |
Potential group | 1.65 (1.466–1.853) | 1.40 (1.215–1.601) | |
High risk group | 2.11 (1.905–2.331) | 1.63 (1.458–1.827) | |
Pain in tongue or inside Cheeks | General group | 1 | 1 |
Potential group | 1.72 (1.501–1.969) | 1.49 (1.265–1.756) | |
High risk group | 2.29 (2.052–2.548) | 1.90 (1.667–2.164) | |
Bad breath | General group | 1 | 1 |
Potential group | 2.05 (1.838–2.290) | 1.69 (1.497–1.900) | |
High risk group | 2.66 (2.407–2.930) | 2.05 (1.825–2.298) |
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Do, K.-Y.; Lee, K.-S. Relationship between Problematic Internet Use, Sleep Problems, and Oral Health in Korean Adolescents: A National Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091870
Do K-Y, Lee K-S. Relationship between Problematic Internet Use, Sleep Problems, and Oral Health in Korean Adolescents: A National Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091870
Chicago/Turabian StyleDo, Kyung-Yi, and Kang-Sook Lee. 2018. "Relationship between Problematic Internet Use, Sleep Problems, and Oral Health in Korean Adolescents: A National Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091870