Social-Ecological Correlates of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity Practice among Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design and Sample
2.2. Data Source, Gathering, and Procedures
2.3. Intra-Personal Data
- Demographics = age, marital status, and sex;
- Health = alcohol abuse, self-related heath, diabetes (medical diagnosis), hypertension (medical diagnosis), obesity (BMI > 30 m/kg2); TV time > 3 h/day; and current use of tobacco;
- Nutrition = regular consumption (≥5 days) in the previous seven days of fruits, meat, milk, soda, and vegetables; and consumption of the fat cap and skin when eating meat and chicken, respectively.
2.4. Social-Ecological Data
- Social = crime mortality (1/100,000 inhabitants), number of employees of physical activity-related companies (inhab. rate), family income < 1/2 min wage (%), family income from 1/2 to 1 min wage (%), family income from 1 to 2 min wage (%), family income > 2 min wages (%), percentage of women (%), life expectancy for men, women and in general (years), population (millions), and traffic accident mortality (1/100,000 inhabitants);
- Political = basic grocery cost (cost of basic food items to feed a family of 4 for 1 month in BR$), availability of clean drinking water (%), family health care teams/primary care teams (n), GDP/capita (BR$), public primary care coverage (%), income inequalities—GINI index (ua), public investment in sports and leisure per capita (BR$), public investment in health care per capita (BR$), and private health insurance (1/100,000 inhabitants).
- Environment and Transport = bus fleet/100,000 inhabitants, car fleet/100,000 inhabitants, PA companies (e.g., sports and recreational clubs, gyms) (inhabitants’ rate), and vehicle fleet/100,000 inhabitants (all type);
- Climate = hours of sun/year, max temperature (°C), min temperature (°C), average humidity (%), max humidity (%), min humidity (%), and precipitation/year (mm3).
2.5. Concatenation and Analysis
2.6. Descriptive Analysis
2.7. Exposure-Response Model
2.8. Generalized and Pooled Effects
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classes | Social-Ecological Correlate | All | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | PA > 150 min/week | 21.9 (21.6; 22.3) | 25.3 (24.8; 25.9) * | 19.5 (19.1; 19.9) |
Demographic | Age (18–32 y) | 31.2 (30.8; 31.5) | 34.7 (34.2; 35.3) * | 28.6 (28.1; 29.1) |
Age (33–45 y) | 31.5 (31.2; 31.9) | 31.1 (30.5; 31.6) | 31.9 (31.4; 32.4) | |
Age (46–60 y) | 37.3 (36.9; 37.7) | 34.2 (33.6; 34.8) | 39.5 (39.0; 40.0) * | |
Marital status (Single) | 38.8 (38.5; 39.2) | 40.4 (39.8; 41.0) * | 37.7 (37.2; 38.2) | |
Marital status (Married) | 40.1 (39.8; 40.5) | 41.8 (41.2; 42.4) * | 39.0 (38.5; 39.5) | |
Marital status (Divorced) | 11.6 (11.3; 11.8) | 12.7 (12.3; 13.1) * | 10.8 (10.5; 11.1) | |
Marital status (Widowed) | 2.3 (2.2; 2.4) | 0.5 (0.4; 0.6) | 3.6 (3.4; 3.8) * | |
Marital status (Other) | 7.2 (7.0; 7.4) | 4.7 (4.4; 4.9) | 8.9 (8.7; 9.2) * | |
Nutrition | Vegetables (yes) | 53.9 (53.5; 54.3) | 48.2 (47.6; 48.9) | 58.0 (57.5; 58.5) * |
Fruits (yes) | 64.2 (63.8; 64.6) | 56.6 (56.0; 57.2) | 69.7 (69.2; 70.2) * | |
Fruits and vegetables (yes) | 39.6 (39.2; 40.0) | 32.1 (31.6; 32.7) | 45.0 (44.5; 45.5) * | |
Meat (yes) | 22.2 (21.9; 22.5) | 30.6 (30.1; 31.2) * | 16.2 (15.8; 16.5) | |
Chicken skin (yes) | 16.3 (16.0; 16.5) | 24.3 (23.8; 24.9) * | 10.5 (10.1; 10.8) | |
Meat fat (yes) | 30.4 (30.0; 30.8) | 41.9 (41.3; 42.5) * | 22.2 (21.8; 22.6) | |
Milk (yes) | 53.9 (53.6; 54.3) | 57.3 (56.7; 57.9) * | 51.5 (51.0; 52.1) | |
Soda (yes) | 16.7 (16.4; 17.0) | 20.3 (19.8; 20.8)* | 14.1 (13.8; 14.5) | |
Health | Weight (kg) # | 70.3 (69.7; 70.3) | 77.6 (77.5; 77;8) * | 65.0 (64.5; 65.3) |
Height (cm) # | 165.4 (164.8; 166.0) | 172.2 (171.7; 172.5) * | 160.6 (159.9; 161.1) | |
TV > 3 h/day (yes) | 22.3 (21.9; 22.6) | 23.3 (22.8; 23.8) * | 21.6 (21.1; 22.0) | |
Tabaco use (yes) | 8.6 (8.4; 8.9) | 11.2 (10.9; 11.6) * | 6.8 (6.5; 7.0) | |
Obesity (yes) | 17.6 (17.3; 17.9) | 19.2 (18.7; 19.7) * | 16.4 (16.1; 16.8) | |
Alcohol abuse (yes) | 19.4 (19.1; 19.8) | 30.1 (29.6; 30.7) * | 11.8 (11.5; 12.2) | |
Poor self-related health (yes) | 3.8 (3.7; 4.0) | 2.7 (2.6; 3.0) | 4.6 (4.4; 4.8) * | |
Hypertension (yes) | 20.7 (20.4; 21.0) | 19.9 (19.5; 20.4) | 21.3 (20.8; 21.7) * | |
Diabetes (yes) | 5.4 (5.2; 5.6) | 5.2 (5.0; 5.5) | 5.5 (5.3; 5.8) |
Classes | Social-Ecological Correlate | Mean ± SD | Min–Max |
---|---|---|---|
Political | Basic grocery package (BR$) | 259.1 ± 74.3 | 132.1–459.0 |
Availability of clean drinking water (%) | 88.5 ± 12.8 | 49.2–99.3 | |
Primary care coverage (%) | 63.2 ± 20.3 | 20.88–100 | |
Income inequalities—Gini Index (a.u.) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.42–0.60 | |
Family health care—public health policy (n) | 234.1 ± 269.1 | 41–1531 | |
Public investment * in sports and leisure per capita (BR$) | 10.5 ± 13.26 | 0–117.6 | |
Public investment * in health care per capita (BR$) | 497.8 ± 227.3 | 118.2–1260.6 | |
GDP per capita (BR$) | 25,336 ± 13,881 | 7682–79,099 | |
Private health insurance (1/100,000 inhabit.) | 32,358 ± 14,717 | 5992–77,525 | |
Social | Life expectancy (years) | 72. ± 2.6 | 67.3–79.1 |
Male life Expectancy (years) | 69.39 ± 2.6 | 63.0–75.8 | |
Female life Expectancy (years) | 76.6 ± 2.5 | 71.2–82.4 | |
Family income < 1/2 min wage (%) | 24.1 ± 10.7 | 5.2–47.1 | |
Family income 1 to 2 min wage (%) | 18.9 ± 7.9 | 7.9–43.9 | |
Family income 1/2 to 1 min wage (%) | 24.1 ± 6.0 | 13.2–38.6 | |
Family income > 2 min wage (%) | 29.3 ± 3.9 | 18–36.4 | |
Population (millions) | 1721.0 ± 2279.0 | 0.184–12,038.0 | |
Traffic accident mortality (1/100,000 inhabit.) | 45.3 ± 60.9 | 0.62–482.3 | |
Crime mortality (1/100,000 inhabit.) | 105.4 ± 163.2 | 1.05–1098.0 | |
Number of employees in PA companies (inhabit. rate) | 825.2 ± 536.2 | 194.53–2906.4 | |
Female proportion (%) | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.47–0.54 | |
Environment Transport | PA companies (inhabit. rate) | 2888 ± 1561 | 648–7796 |
Car fleet (1/100,000 inhabit.) | 386.1 ± 144.6 | 125.3–740.7 | |
Bus fleet (1/100,000 inhabit.) | 4.3 ± 1.42 | 1.4–7.9 | |
Vehicle fleet (1/100,000 inhabit.) | 416.2 ± 157.3 | 135.4–806.5 | |
Climate | Precipitation (mm3) | 1771.61 ± 591.41 | 104–3775.6 |
Hours of sun/year (hours) | 2327 ± 392 | 475.3–3250 | |
Max temperature (°C) | 30.2 ± 2.7 | 23.0–35.5 | |
Min temperature (°C) | 21.3 ± 2.9 | 13.4–25.7 | |
Average humidity (%) | 75.5 ± 6.7 | 56.2–98.0 | |
Max humidity (%) | 82.8 ± 5.1 | 62.6–98.0 | |
Min humidity (%) | 66.5 ± 12.6 | 31.0–98.0 |
Social-Ecological Class | AGE 18–32 y | AGE 33–45 y | AGE 46–60 y | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ΔPR | GRPR | GROR | OR (CI95%) | ΔPR | GRPR | GROR | OR (CI95%) | ΔPR | GRPR | GROR | OR (CI95%) | |
Health | M | 35.1 | 15.1 | 0.40 | 1.53 (1.28–1.84) | 16.0 | 5.8 | 0.10 | 1.22 (1.06–1.41) | 9.8 | 7.8 | 0.23 | 1.39 (1.23–1.57) |
F | 19.8 | 12.6 | 0.41 | 2.06 (1.50–2.83) | 19.9 | 8.8 | 0.50 | 1.37 (1.11–1.70) | 11.0 | 7.1 | 0.51 | 1.44 (1.22–1.71) | |
Nutrition | M | 18.6 | 17.9 | 0.91 | 1.67 (1.25–2.24) | 13.1 | 12.7 | 0.90 | 2.01 (1.48–2.75) | 11.2 | 12.2 | 0.92 | 2.00 (1.49–2.69) |
F | 11.8 | 10.4 | 0.69 | 1.79 (1.28–2.50) | 15.7 | 13.3 | 1.01 | 2.03 (1.56–2.66) | 13.1 | 11.5 | 0.82 | 2.05 (1.52–2.78) | |
Social | M | 2.2 | 0.4 | 0.26 | 1.22 (1.09–1.38) | 2.9 | −1.8 | 0.27 | 1.40 (1.19–1.64) | 5.2 | −0.7 | 0.12 | 1.29 (1.09–1.51) |
F | 1.0 | −0.8 | −0.05 | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 0.0 | −4.3 | 0.08 | 1.23 (1.07–1.40) | −2.7 | −2.3 | −0.02 | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) | |
Environment Transport | M | 5.4 | 3.6 | 0.31 | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) | −2.6 | −1.6 | −0.11 | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | −2.2 | −0.7 | 0.12 | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) |
F | −3.7 | −3.2 | −0.25 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 3.6 | 2.7 | 0.08 | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | −1.5 | −2.1 | 0.14 | 1.15 (1.02–1.31) | |
Political | M | 5.6 | 5.0 | 0.04 | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | −3.5 | −4.4 | −0.20 | 0.79 (0.71–0.89) | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) |
F | 5.7 | 3.8 | 0.15 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.3 | −0.6 | −0.15 | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | −3.3 | −2.5 | −0.20 | 0.82 (0.75–0.91) | |
Climate | M | 7.9 | 3.1 | 0.45 | 1.33 (1.21–1.46) | 6.9 | 3.7 | 0.46 | 1.49 (1.33–1.66) | 7.9 | 4.9 | 0.50 | 1.49 (1.34–1.66) |
F | 6.0 | 3.3 | 0.21 | 1.18 (1.07–1.31) | 1.0 | −2.3 | 0.00 | 1.22 (1.10–1.34) | 1.4 | −1.2 | 0.08 | 1.33 (1.22–1.47) | |
Pooled Effect | M | 12.5 | 7.5 | 0.40 | 1.29 (1.27–1.37) | 5.5 | 2.4 | 0.24 | 1.27 (1.11–1.40) | 5.6 | 3.9 | 0.32 | 1.31 (1.15–1.44) |
F | 6.8 | 4.4 | 0.19 | 1.26 (1.12–1.41) | 6.8 | 2.9 | 0.25 | 1.22 (1.07–1.39) | 3.0 | 1.8 | 0.18 | 1.16 (1.01–1.32) |
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Cavazzotto, T.G.; Ronque, E.R.V.; Vieira, E.R.; Queiroga, M.R.; Serassuelo Junior, H. Social-Ecological Correlates of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity Practice among Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103619
Cavazzotto TG, Ronque ERV, Vieira ER, Queiroga MR, Serassuelo Junior H. Social-Ecological Correlates of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity Practice among Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103619
Chicago/Turabian StyleCavazzotto, Timothy Gustavo, Enio Ricardo Vaz Ronque, Edgar Ramos Vieira, Marcos Roberto Queiroga, and Helio Serassuelo Junior. 2020. "Social-Ecological Correlates of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity Practice among Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103619