A Latent Profile Analysis of Anxiety among Junior High School Students in Less Developed Rural Regions of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Targets and Sampling Methods
2.2. Research Methods
2.3. Content of Questionnaires
2.4. Index Definition
2.4.1. Left-Behind Children (LBC)
2.4.2. School-Related Factors
2.5. Data Analytic Approach
3. Results
3.1. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) in the Anxiety of Junior High School Students in Rural Areas of Jiangxi Province
3.2. The Univariate Analysis of Anxiety of Junior High School Students in Rural Area of Jiangxi Province
3.3. The Multifactor Analysis of Anxiety of Junior High School Students in Rural Area of Jiangxi Province
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Research Ethics and Patient Consent
References
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The Number of Profiles | AIC | BIC | ABIC | Entropy | LMRTP | VLMRP | BLRTP | Sample < 5% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 33,703.032 | 33,779.800 | 33,729.057 | —— | —— | —— | —— | No |
2 | 32,141.132 | 32,261.192 | 32,181.796 | 0.802 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | No |
3 | 31,572.277 | 31,735.558 | 31,627.580 | 0.816 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | No |
4 | 31,431.690 | 31,638.193 | 31,501.632 | 0.773 | 0.049 | 0.047 | <0.001 | No |
5 | 31,340.553 | 31,590.277 | 31,425.134 | 0.749 | 0.187 | 0.183 | <0.001 | No |
Variable | Respondents | Mild Anxiety | Moderate Anxiety | Severe Anxiety | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 31.337 | <0.001 | ||||
Male | 467 (51.89) | 110 (63.58) | 275 (54.56) | 82 (36.77) | ||
Female | 433 (48.11) | 63 (36.42) | 229 (45.44) | 141 (63.23) | ||
Age (year) | 5.990 | 0.648 | ||||
12 | 126 (14.00) | 21 (12.14) | 72 (14.29) | 33 (14.80) | ||
13 | 157 (17.44) | 26 (15.03) | 93 (18.45) | 38 (17.04) | ||
14 | 258 (28.67) | 55 (31.79) | 145 (28.77) | 58 (26.01) | ||
15 | 179 (19.89) | 40 (23.12) | 98 (19.44) | 41 (18.39) | ||
16 | 180 (20.00) | 31 (17.92) | 96 (19.05) | 53 (23.77) | ||
Left-behind children (LBC) | 0.088 | 0.957 | ||||
Yes | 263 (29.22) | 49 (28.32) | 148 (29.37) | 66 (29.60) | ||
No | 637 (70.78) | 124 (71.68) | 356 (70.63) | 157 (70.40) | ||
Health education course | 3.531 | 0.171 | ||||
Yes | 453 (50.33) | 95 (54.91) | 240 (47.62) | 118 (52.91) | ||
No | 447 (49.67) | 78 (45.09) | 264 (52.38) | 105 (47.09) | ||
School mental health work is adequate | 21.938 | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 387 (43.00) | 84 (48.55) | 231 (45.83) | 72 (32.29) | ||
No | 112 (12.44) | 15 (8.67) | 53 (10.52) | 44 (19.73) | ||
Not sure | 401 (44.56) | 74 (42.77) | 220 (43.65) | 107 (47.98) | ||
Self-assessment of academic performance | 33.794 | <0.001 | ||||
Excellent | 41 (4.56) | 15 (8.67) | 13 (2.58) | 13 (5.83) | ||
Good | 398 (44.22) | 84 (48.55) | 229 (45.44) | 85 (38.12) | ||
Pass | 301 (33.44) | 52 (30.06) | 185 (36.71) | 64 (28.70) | ||
Fail | 160 (17.78) | 22 (12.72) | 77 (15.28) | 61 (27.35) | ||
Self-assessment of academic pressure | 86.854 | <0.001 | ||||
Very high | 141 (15.67) | 13 (7.51) | 66 (13.10) | 62 (27.80) | ||
High | 236 (26.22) | 27 (15.61) | 137 (27.18) | 72 (32.29) | ||
General | 433 (48.11) | 101 (58.38) | 258 (51.19) | 74 (33.18) | ||
Low | 41 (4.56) | 8 (4.62) | 27 (5.36) | 6 (2.69) | ||
Very low | 49 (5.44) | 24 (13.87) | 16 (3.17) | 9 (4.04) | ||
Total | 900 (100.00) | 173 (100.00) | 504 (100.00) | 223 (100.00) |
Factors | Variable Name | Factor Assignment |
---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||
Anxiety | Y1, Y2 | Mild anxiety (reference): Y1 = 0, Y2 = 0 |
Moderate anxiety: Y1 = 1, Y2 = 0 | ||
Severe anxiety: Y1 = 0, Y2 = 1 | ||
Independent variables | ||
Gender | X1 | 0 = Female (reference); 1 = Male |
Age (year) | X2, X3, X4, X5 | 12 (reference): X2 = 0, X3 = 0, X4 = 0, X5 =0 |
13: X2 = 1, X3 = 0, X4 = 0, X5 =0 | ||
14: X2 = 0, X3 = 1, X4 = 0, X5 =00 | ||
15: X2 = 0, X3 = 0, X4 = 1, X5 =0 | ||
16: X2 = 0, X3 = 0, X4 = 0, X5 =1 | ||
Left-behind children (LBC) | X6 | 0 = No (reference); 1 = Yes |
Health education classes | X7 | 0 = No (reference); 1 = Yes |
School mental health work is adequate | X8, X9 | Not sure (reference): X8 = 0, X9 = 0 |
Yes: X8 = 1, X9 = 0 | ||
No: X8 = 0, X9 = 1 | ||
Self-assessment of academic performance | X10, X11, X12 | Fail (reference): X10 = 0, X11 = 0, X12 = 0 |
Excellent: X10 = 1, X11 = 0, X12 = 0 | ||
Good: X10 = 0, X11 = 1, X12 = 0 | ||
Pass: X10 = 0, X11 = 0, X12 = 1 | ||
Self-assessment of academic pressure | X13, X14, X15, X16 | Very low (reference): X13 = 0, X14 = 0, X15 = 0, X16 = 0 |
Very high: X13 = 1, X14 = 0, X15 = 0, X16 = 0 | ||
High: X13 = 0, X14 = 1, X15 = 0, X16 = 0 | ||
General: X13 = 0, X14 = 0, X15 = 1, X16 = 0 | ||
Low: X13 = 0, X14 = 0, X15 = 0, X16 = 1 |
Variable | Moderate Anxiety | Severe Anxiety | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | OR 95%C.I. | OR | OR 95%C.I. | |
Gender | Female as Ref. | Female as Ref. | ||
male | 0.649 * | (0.444,0.949) | 0.262* | (0.166,0.415) |
Age(year) | 12 as Ref. | 12 as Ref. | ||
13 | 0.750 | (0.385,1.459) | 0.733 | (0.339,1.587) |
14 | 0.587 | (0.310,1.110) | 0.495 | (0.231,1.061) |
15 | 0.647 | (0.354,1.183) | 0.461 * | (0.224,0.950) |
16 | 0.975 | (0.493,1.928) | 0.818 | (0.365,1.834) |
Left-behind children (LBC) | No as Ref. | No as Ref. | ||
Yes | 0.966 | (0.646,1.445) | 0.884 | (0.546,1.434) |
Health education course | No as Ref. | No as Ref. | ||
Yes | 0.752 | (0.503,1.125) | 1.187 | (0.734,1.920) |
School mental health work is adequate | Not sure as Ref. | Not sure as Ref. | ||
Yes | 1.047 | (0.695,1.577) | 0.562 * | (0.341,0.926) |
No | 1.130 | (0.587,2.174) | 1.898 | (0.928,3.883) |
Self-assessment of academic performance | Fail as Ref. | Fail as Ref. | ||
Excellent | 0.377 * | (0.143,0.989) | 0.431 | (0.148,1.255) |
Good | 0.763 | (0.432,1.349) | 0.362 * | (0.192,0.683) |
Pass | 0.989 | (0.548,1.784) | 0.460 * | (0.237,0.892) |
Self-assessment of academic pressure | Very low as Ref. | Very low as Ref. | ||
Very high | 6.523 * | (2.666,15.957) | 11.579 * | (4.164,32.194) |
High | 6.122 * | (2.773,13.515) | 5.894 * | (2.280,15.233) |
General | 3.037 * | (1.492,6.181) | 1.573 | (0.650,3.811) |
Low | 3.555 * | (1.243,10.166) | 1.143 | (0.285,4.579) |
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Wen, X.; Lin, Y.; Liu, Y.; Starcevich, K.; Yuan, F.; Wang, X.; Xie, X.; Yuan, Z. A Latent Profile Analysis of Anxiety among Junior High School Students in Less Developed Rural Regions of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114079
Wen X, Lin Y, Liu Y, Starcevich K, Yuan F, Wang X, Xie X, Yuan Z. A Latent Profile Analysis of Anxiety among Junior High School Students in Less Developed Rural Regions of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):4079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114079
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Xiaotong, Yixiang Lin, Yuchen Liu, Katie Starcevich, Fang Yuan, Xiuzhu Wang, Xiaoxu Xie, and Zhaokang Yuan. 2020. "A Latent Profile Analysis of Anxiety among Junior High School Students in Less Developed Rural Regions of China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114079