Health Impacts from Ambient Particle Exposure in Southern Sweden
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Study Population
2.2. Health Outcomes
2.3. Air Pollution Exposure
2.4. Health Impact Analyses
2.5. Software Used
3. Results
3.1. Mortality
3.2. Incidence of Diseases and Disorders
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Background PM2.5
4.2. Reduction of Local PM2.5
4.3. Methodological Considerations
4.4. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Outcome | Demographic Specifications | C–R Function Based on (95% CI) | PM2.5 Range or Mean (SD) (µg/m3) | Source for C–R | Source for Baseline Incidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality (all-cause) | ≥30 years old | HR 1.26 (1.19–1.31) | 1.4–27.9 | [15] 1,7 | Board of health and welfare, Sweden |
per 10 µg/m3 | 12.6 (2.9) | ||||
HR 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.4–27.9 | [15] 1,8 | |||
per 10 µg/m3 | 12.6 (2.9) | ||||
Dementia | ≥65 years old | HR 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | 1.1–49.7 | [33] 2 | International study [28] |
per 4.8 µg/m3 | 9 | ||||
Asthma | 5–14 years old | OR 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.4–3.34 | [18] 3 | Swedish study [27] |
per 1 μg/m3 | 9 | ||||
Preeclampsia | Females 15–44 years old | OR 1.31 (1.14–1.50) | 10.1–17.3 | [34] 4 | Local birth register [35] |
per 5 µg/m3 | 9 | ||||
Autism spectrum disorders | Children | OR 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | 9 | [21] 5 | Local study ongoing |
per 4.68 μg/m3 | 19.6 (3.5) | ||||
Low birth weight | Births of females 15–44 years old | OR 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1.4–98.1 | [20] 6 | Board of health and welfare, Sweden [26] |
per 10 µg/m3 | 9 |
Outcome | Local and Background PM2.5 | All Local PM2.5 | Traffic PM2.5 | Small-Scale Heating PM2.5 | Maximum 12 µg/m3 1 of PM2.5 | Maximum 10 µg/m3 2 of PM2.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Diseases/disorders | X | |||||
LBW | X | X | X | X |
Outcome | Baseline N | Cases Attributable to Exposure (% of baseline N) | Confidence Interval 7 |
---|---|---|---|
Local PM2.5 all Sources | |||
Mortality 1 | 10,987 | 219 (2) | 164–256 |
Dementia 2 | 10,260 | 66 (1) | 50–82 |
Asthma 3 | 1330 | 33 (2) | 11–55 |
Preeclampsia 4 | 536 | 28 (5) | 13–43 |
Autism spectrum disorders 5 | 2810 | 79 (3) | 29–109 |
Low birth weight 6 | 757 | 6 (0.8) | 2–10 |
Local PM2.5 Traffic | |||
Mortality 1 | 10,987 | 63 (0.6) | 47–73 |
Local PM2.5 Small-scale Heating | |||
Mortality 1 | 10,987 | 49 (0.4) | 37–58 |
Total PM2.5 (Local plus Regional Background) | |||
Mortality 1,* | 10,987 | 699 (6) | 405–903 |
Low birth weight 6 | 757 | 84 (11) | 28–142 |
Reduction to Maximum 12 1 µg/m3 | Reduction to Maximum 10 2 µg/m3 | Removal of Local PM2.5 | |
---|---|---|---|
LBW | −10 | −15 | −6 |
Mortality | −266 | −294 | −219 |
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Rittner, R.; Flanagan, E.; Oudin, A.; Malmqvist, E. Health Impacts from Ambient Particle Exposure in Southern Sweden. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145064
Rittner R, Flanagan E, Oudin A, Malmqvist E. Health Impacts from Ambient Particle Exposure in Southern Sweden. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145064
Chicago/Turabian StyleRittner, Ralf, Erin Flanagan, Anna Oudin, and Ebba Malmqvist. 2020. "Health Impacts from Ambient Particle Exposure in Southern Sweden" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145064