The Role of Negative Emotions Pre- and Post-Implementation of Graphic Health Warnings: Longitudinal Evidence from South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Various Interventions in Tobacco Control
2.2. Smoker Responses to the Implementation of Graphic Health Warning (GHW) Policy
2.3. Negative Emotions, Perceived Smoking Risk, and Intent to Quit
3. Methods
3.1. Procedure and Panels
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Negative Emotions (NE)
3.2.2. Perceived Risk of Smoking (PRS)
3.2.3. Intent to Quit Smoking (IQ)
4. Results
4.1. Attrition Analysis
4.2. Pre-Introduction and Post-Introduction Differences in Negative Emotions, Subjective Risk, and Intent to Quit Smoking: H1, H2 and H3
4.3. Testing the Longitudinal Hypotheses: H4 and H5
4.4. Testing the Mediation Hypothesis: H6
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | Standard Deviation (SD) | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NE | Pre | 3.84 | 1.40 | − 7.54 | 0.00 |
Post | 4.50 | 1.27 | |||
PRS | Pre | 5.35 | 1.20 | 0.59 | 0.55 |
Post | 5.30 | 1.23 | |||
IQ | Pre | 3.02 | 1.11 | 0.87 | 0.38 |
Post | 2.96 | 1.12 |
Test Model | DV | IVs | β | t | p | R2 | F (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
∆NE → ∆PRS | ∆PRS | ∆NE | 0.17 | 2.75 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 7.57 (0.01) |
∆NE | 0.36 | 5.37 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 34.20 (0.00) | ||
Pre-NE | 0.25 | 3.66 | 0.00 | ||||
Pre-PRS | −0.53 | −9.47 | 0.00 | ||||
∆NE → ∆IQ | ∆IQ | ∆NE | 0.12 | 1.95 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 3.80 (0.05) |
∆NE | 0.19 | 2.79 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 25.05 (0.00) | ||
Pre−NE | 0.20 | 2.70 | 0.01 | ||||
Pre-IQ | −0.50 | −8.38 | 0.00 |
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Lee, S.M.; Chun, S.; Lee, J.S. The Role of Negative Emotions Pre- and Post-Implementation of Graphic Health Warnings: Longitudinal Evidence from South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155393
Lee SM, Chun S, Lee JS. The Role of Negative Emotions Pre- and Post-Implementation of Graphic Health Warnings: Longitudinal Evidence from South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(15):5393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155393
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Seon Min, Seungwoo Chun, and Jin Suk Lee. 2020. "The Role of Negative Emotions Pre- and Post-Implementation of Graphic Health Warnings: Longitudinal Evidence from South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155393