Dynamic Changes, Spatiotemporal Differences and Factors Influencing the Urban Eco-Efficiency in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Indicator Syste
2.2.1. Input Index
2.2.2. Output Index
2.3. Research Method
2.3.1. Urban Carbon Emission Estimation
2.3.2. Super-SBM Model Based on Undesirable Output
2.3.3. Standard Deviation Ellipse
2.3.4. STIRPAT Model
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Variation of the Urban Eco-Efficiency in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River
3.1.1. Temporal Changes in the Urban Eco-Efficiency in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River
3.1.2. Spatial Differentiation of the Urban Eco-Efficiency in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River
3.2. Driving Mechanism of the Urban Eco-Efficiency in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River
3.2.1. Selection of Impact Indicators
3.2.2. Analysis of the Driving Mechanism
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Changing the mode of economic development and promoting high-quality development of urban economy is the theme of urban sustainable development in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. At the same time, we should take the improvement of urban eco-efficiency as an important part of government work, and change the traditional single GDP-oriented development model in order to release the space and potential of urban green development and promote urban sustainable development.
- (2)
- Although the gap of urban eco-efficiency between Shandong Province and Henan Province in the lower reaches of the Yellow River has been alleviated in recent years, we should still pay attention to the coordinated development between regions. The areas with high efficiency should give full play to the positive spillover effect and encourage the flow of advanced technology and industry to promote the coordinated development of cities in the river basin.
- (3)
- The local government of the study area should pay attention to the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure and the adjustment of energy utilization structure. By reducing the proportion of fossil fuels and energy consumption per unit of GDP, the government should strive to ensure high-quality urban economic development, let people enjoy more benefits brought about by high-quality development, and improve people’s living standards.
- (4)
- At present, urban eco-efficiency in the lower reaches of the Yellow River has been restricted by an extensive investment-driven model, and high pollution an inefficient industrial structure, and a foreign investment model with high pollution risk. Therefore, the local government should strictly abide by the environmental protection policies and regulations issued by the central government; issue and implement the “three lines and one order” as soon as possible; and build regional cooperation mechanisms for resource conservation and eco-environmental protection, as well as formulate energy conservation and emission reduction policies from a regional and urban perspective. We should give full play to the government’s “visible hand” and improve the access standards of enterprises, as well as promote high-quality development of the regional economy and society with high-level protection of the ecological environment. At the same time, we should give full play to the leading role of Zhengzhou and Jinan as national central cities, speed up the construction of the Zhongyuan urban agglomeration and the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration, optimize the industrial layout, and form a joint force for development. Finally, cities should avoid inefficient industries and pay attention to the introduction of high-tech industries; seize the strategic opportunities of 5G, Internet +, and block chain; increase support for local emerging industries; adjust measures to local conditions; and develop local characteristic industries so as to optimize and adjust traditional leading industries and promote urban transformation and development.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Variable | Units | Mean | Standard Deviation (SD) | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input | Labor force | 104 people | 57.109 | 36.032 | 13.27 | 207.555 |
Capital | 104 yuan | 6608.376 | 6480.381 | 165.322 | 42,605.902 | |
Energy resource | 108 tons of standard coal equivalent | 184.698 | 192.969 | 12.268 | 1581.735 | |
Desirable output | Gross Domestic Product | 109 yuan | 1156.283 | 676.978 | 266 | 3868.797 |
Undesirable output | Total wastewater emission | 104 tons | 10,546.359 | 7273.71 | 766 | 66,452 |
Industrial SO2 emission | ton | 61,986.833 | 42,586.623 | 917 | 219,273 | |
Industrial soot emission | ton | 29,395.089 | 30,861.296 | 775 | 236,000 | |
CO2 emission | ton | 2920.640 | 1869.933 | 678.514 | 9998.306 |
Year | The Standard Deviation along the Short Axis (km) | The Standard Deviation along the Long Axis (km) | Azimuth |
---|---|---|---|
2007 | 88.658 | 255.235 | 40.27 |
2011 | 89.222 | 246.574 | 40.723 |
2015 | 89.671 | 251.485 | 40.738 |
2018 | 90.612 | 252.518 | 43.232 |
Variable | Coefficient | Standard Error | t-Statistic | Probability | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −0.143 | 0.070 | −2.047 | 0.042 ** | |
Affluence | 0.220 | 0.033 | 6.584 | 0.000 *** | 1.423 |
Investment intensity | −0.201 | 0.052 | −3.839 | 0.000 *** | 1.162 |
Intensity of foreign investment | −0.102 | 0.017 | −5.863 | 0.000 *** | 1.182 |
Industrial structure | −0.159 | 0.096 | −1.651 | 0.100 * | 1.941 |
Technology progress | 0.522 | 0.046 | 11.391 | 0.000 *** | 1.939 |
Population accumulation | −0.053 | 0.040 | −1.328 | 0.186 | 1.214 |
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Zhang, Y.; Geng, W.; Zhang, P.; Li, E.; Rong, T.; Liu, Y.; Shao, J.; Chang, H. Dynamic Changes, Spatiotemporal Differences and Factors Influencing the Urban Eco-Efficiency in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207510
Zhang Y, Geng W, Zhang P, Li E, Rong T, Liu Y, Shao J, Chang H. Dynamic Changes, Spatiotemporal Differences and Factors Influencing the Urban Eco-Efficiency in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(20):7510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207510
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yu, Wenliang Geng, Pengyan Zhang, Erling Li, Tianqi Rong, Ying Liu, Jingwen Shao, and Hao Chang. 2020. "Dynamic Changes, Spatiotemporal Differences and Factors Influencing the Urban Eco-Efficiency in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207510