Emotional-Behavioral Regulation, Temperament and Parent–Child Interactions Are Associated with Dopamine Transporter Allelic Polymorphism in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. DNA Isolation and Genotyping
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analyses
3.2. Children’s Temperament and Emotional-Behavioral Functioning in the Two Groups
3.3. Maternal and Paternal Psychopathological Risk in the Two Groups
3.4. Quality of Mother–Child and Father–Child Feeding Interactions in the Two Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Children’s DAT1 Genotype | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
9/x | 10/10 | |||
M (SD) | M (SD) | F1.79 | p-Value | |
Children’s age | 22.63 (1.86) | 24.15 (1.93) | 13.01 | 0.001 ** |
Mothers’ age | 31.83 (1.86) | 31.63 (1.89) | 0.20 | 0.64 |
Fathers’ age | 36.48 (2.00) | 37.39 (2.81) | 2.84 | 0.09 |
Children’s Gender | N (%) | N (%) | χ22 | p-Value |
Female | 22 (55) | 22 (53.7) | ||
Male | 18 (45) | 19 (46.3) | 0.01 | 0.90 |
Children’s DAT1 Genotype | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
QUIT | 9/x M (SD) | 10/10 M (SD) | F1.79 | p-Value | ηp2 |
Social Orientation | 4.09 (0.11) | 4.10 (0.09) | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.007 |
Inhibition to Novelty | 2.94 (0.88) | 2.87 (0.11) | 8.89 | 0.004 * | 0.10 |
Level of Motor Activity | 2.96 (0.06) | 2.93 (0.09) | 3.78 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Positive Emotionality | 3.82 (0.16) | 2.28 (0.18) | 1551.09 | 0.000 *** | 0.95 |
Negative Emotionality | 2.23 (0.08) | 2.19 (0.07) | 3.80 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Attention Capacity | 3.75 (0.12) | 2.37 (0.16) | 1901.01 | 0.000 *** | 0.96 |
Children’s DAT1 Genotype | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBCL 1.5–5 | 9/x M (SD) | 10/10 M (SD) | F1.78 | p-Value | ηp2 |
Internalizing Problems | 10.50 (1.15) | 27.51 (2.45) | 1420.74 | 0.000 *** | 0.94 |
Externalizing Problems | 10.48 (1.18) | 21.72 (2.33) | 688.25 | 0.000 *** | 0.89 |
Dysregulation Profile | 13.94 (1.85) | 28.34 (6.85) | 132.10 | 0.000 *** | 0.62 |
Children’s DAT1 Genotype | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCL-90-R | 9/x M (SD) | 10/10 M (SD) | F1.72 | p-Value | ηp2 |
GSI of mothers | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.35 (0.30) | 0.15 | 0.94 | 0.05 |
GSI of fathers | 0.29 (0.26) | 0.33 (0.30) | 1.60 | 0.21 | 0.02 |
Children’s DAT1 Genotype | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SVIA | 9/x M (SD) | 10/10 M (SD) | F1.78 | p-Value | ηp2 |
Mothers | |||||
Affective State of the Mother | 3.64 (0.51) | 6.76 (0.86) | 338.20 | 0.000 *** | 0.81 |
Interactional Conflict | 3.49 (0.48) | 3.48 (0.46) | 1.38 | 0.24 | 0.01 |
Food Refusal of the Child | 1.86 (0.19) | 1.69 (0.27) | 13.26 | 0.000 *** | 0.14 |
Affective State of the Dyad | 2.21 (0.54) | 3.82 (0.33) | 221.45 | 0.000 *** | 0.74 |
Fathers | |||||
Affective State of the Father | 7.07 (0.61) | 7.29 (0.57) | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.005 |
Interactional Conflict | 6.32 (0.49) | 14.49 (0.77) | 174.56 | 0.000 *** | 0.69 |
Food Refusal of the Child | 3.44 (0.47) | 3.38 (0.52) | 6.57 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
Affective State of the Dyad | 3.41 (0.40) | 8.34 (0.74) | 66.92 | 0.000 *** | 0.46 |
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Cimino, S.; Marzilli, E.; Tafà, M.; Cerniglia, L. Emotional-Behavioral Regulation, Temperament and Parent–Child Interactions Are Associated with Dopamine Transporter Allelic Polymorphism in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228564
Cimino S, Marzilli E, Tafà M, Cerniglia L. Emotional-Behavioral Regulation, Temperament and Parent–Child Interactions Are Associated with Dopamine Transporter Allelic Polymorphism in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(22):8564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228564
Chicago/Turabian StyleCimino, Silvia, Eleonora Marzilli, Mimma Tafà, and Luca Cerniglia. 2020. "Emotional-Behavioral Regulation, Temperament and Parent–Child Interactions Are Associated with Dopamine Transporter Allelic Polymorphism in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228564