Occupational Noise: Auditory and Non-Auditory Consequences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Occupational Noise Regulations
2.1. OSHA
2.2. NIOSH
2.3. EU
3. Environmental Noise Regulations
4. Significant Auditory Deficits Beyond Threshold Shift
4.1. Ultra-High Frequency Hearing Loss
4.2. Sub-Clinical OHC Dysfunction
4.3. Damage to IHCs and Afferent Synapses
4.4. Tinnitus and Hyperacusis
4.5. Hearing in Noise
5. Non-Auditory Health Consequences
5.1. Stress
5.2. Cardiovascular Disease
5.3. Cognition
6. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
NIOSH | National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health |
EU | European Union |
SPL | sound pressure level |
dB | decibels |
Leq | equivalent continuous sound level |
LAeq,8 h | A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level; 8 hours |
LDEN | day–evening–night level |
PEL | permissible exposure level |
REL | recommended exposure limit |
TWA | time-weighted average |
WHO | World Health Organization |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
DPOAE | distortion product otoacoustic emission |
VA | Veterans Administration |
HPA | hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal |
CRH | corticotropic-releasing hormone; |
ACTH | adrenal corticotropic hormone; |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
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Sheppard, A.; Ralli, M.; Gilardi, A.; Salvi, R. Occupational Noise: Auditory and Non-Auditory Consequences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238963
Sheppard A, Ralli M, Gilardi A, Salvi R. Occupational Noise: Auditory and Non-Auditory Consequences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(23):8963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238963
Chicago/Turabian StyleSheppard, Adam, Massimo Ralli, Antonio Gilardi, and Richard Salvi. 2020. "Occupational Noise: Auditory and Non-Auditory Consequences" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238963