Childhood Trauma Is Associated with the Spirituality of Non-Religious Respondents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Population
3.2. Adult Spirituality
3.3. Religiosity/Spirituality
3.4. Experience of Conversion
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Religious Spiritual | Religious Non-Spiritual | Non-Religious Spiritual | Non-Religious Non-Spiritual | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 877 | 48.7 | 72 | 8.2 | 159 | 18.1 | 21 | 2.4 | 625 | 71.3 |
Female | 923 | 51.3 | 110 | 11.9 | 190 | 20.6 | 19 | 2.1 | 604 | 65.4 |
Age | ||||||||||
15–29 years old | 410 | 22.8 | 19 | 4.6 | 67 | 16.3 | 11 | 2.7 | 313 | 76.3 |
30–44 years old | 449 | 24.9 | 35 | 7.8 | 70 | 15.6 | 11 | 2.4 | 333 | 74.2 |
45–59 years old | 443 | 24.6 | 47 | 10.6 | 93 | 21.0 | 11 | 2.5 | 292 | 65.9 |
60–90 years old | 498 | 27.7 | 81 | 16.3 | 119 | 23.9 | 7 | 1.4 | 291 | 58.4 |
Living Arrangement | ||||||||||
With husband/wife | 921 | 51.2 | 110 | 11.9 | 195 | 21.2 | 19 | 2.1 | 597 | 64.8 |
With unmarried mate | 351 | 19.5 | 13 | 3.7 | 54 | 15.4 | 12 | 3.4 | 272 | 77.5 |
Alone | 353 | 19.6 | 42 | 11.9 | 74 | 21.0 | 6 | 1.7 | 231 | 65.4 |
With parents/siblings | 175 | 9.7 | 17 | 9.7 | 26 | 14.9 | 3 | 1.7 | 129 | 73.7 |
Marital Status | ||||||||||
Single/Divorced/Widow(er) | 730 | 40.6 | 64 | 8.8 | 135 | 18.5 | 18 | 2.5 | 513 | 70.3 |
Married/Partner relationship | 1070 | 59.4 | 118 | 11.0 | 214 | 20.0 | 22 | 2.1 | 716 | 66.9 |
Highest Education Achieved | ||||||||||
Elementary school | 141 | 7.8 | 13 | 9.2 | 24 | 17.0 | 2 | 1.4 | 102 | 72.3 |
Secondary vocational school | 442 | 24.6 | 57 | 12.9 | 93 | 21.0 | 11 | 2.5 | 281 | 63.6 |
Secondary school with graduation | 854 | 47.4 | 74 | 8.7 | 160 | 18.7 | 17 | 2.0 | 603 | 70.6 |
College | 363 | 20.2 | 38 | 10.5 | 72 | 19.8 | 10 | 2.8 | 243 | 66.9 |
Economic Activity | ||||||||||
Employee | 939 | 52.5 | 70 | 7.5 | 171 | 18.2 | 21 | 2.2 | 677 | 72.1 |
Self-employed | 170 | 9.5 | 20 | 11.8 | 25 | 14.7 | 8 | 4.7 | 117 | 68.8 |
Household a/Unemployed | 83 | 4.6 | 8 | 9.6 | 19 | 22.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 56 | 67.5 |
Student | 178 | 9.9 | 10 | 5.6 | 29 | 16.3 | 4 | 2.2 | 135 | 75.8 |
Disabled/Old-age pensioner | 430 | 23.9 | 74 | 17.2 | 105 | 24.4 | 7 | 1.6 | 244 | 56.7 |
Religiosity b | ||||||||||
Believer, church member | 170 | 9.4 | 107 | 62.9 | 63 | 37.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Believer outside the church | 361 | 20.1 | 75 | 20.8 | 286 | 79.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Non-believer | 1004 | 55.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 3.2 | 972 | 96.8 |
Convinced atheist | 265 | 14.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3.0 | 257 | 97.0 |
Total | 1800 | 100 | 182 | 10.1 | 349 | 19.4 | 40 | 2.2 | 1229 | 68.3 |
Adult Spirituality Crude OR (95% CI) | Adult Spirituality Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Emotional abuse | Complete sample | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) * | 1.17 (1.03–1.34) * |
(per SD) a | NR | 1.61 (1.32–1.98) *** | 1.64 (1.33–2.02) *** |
R | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | |
Physical abuse | Complete sample | 1.29 (1.15–1.44) *** | 1.29 (1.16–1.45) *** |
(per SD) a | NR | 1.72 (1.45–2.03) *** | 1.72 (1.45–2.04) *** |
R | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) | |
Sexual abuse | Complete sample | 1.30 (1.18–1.47) *** | 1.31 (1.18–1.46) *** |
(per SD) a | NR | 1.73 (1.48–2.02) *** | 1.73 (1.48–2.03) *** |
R | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | 1.16 (0.98–1.38) | |
Emotional neglect | Complete sample | 1.08 (0.93–1.22) | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) |
(per SD) a | NR | 1.54 (1.16–2.04) ** | 1.55 (1.17–2.06) ** |
R | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | |
Physical neglect | Complete sample | 1.29 (1.14–1.47) *** | 1.24 (0.09–1.41) ** |
(per SD) a | NR | 2.00 (1.57–2.57) *** | 2.10 (1.63–2.70) *** |
R | 1.16 (0.98–1.39) | 1.11 (0.93–1.34) |
Non-Religious/Spiritual | Religious/Spiritual | Religious/Non-Spiritual | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Emotional abuse | 1.61 (1.32–1.98) *** | 1.64 (1.33–2.02) *** | 0.99 (0.82–1.18) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) |
Physical abuse | 1.72 (1.45–2.03) *** | 1.72 (1.45–2.04) *** | 1.14 (0.97–1.37) | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) |
Sexual abuse | 1.73 (1.48–2.02) *** | 1.73 (1.48–2.03) *** | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | 1.16 (1.00–1.38) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) |
Emotional neglect | 1.54 (1.16–2.03) ** | 1.55 (1.17–2.06) ** | 1.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) |
Physical neglect | 2.00 (1.57–2.58) *** | 2.10 (1.63–2.70) *** | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) | 1.11 (0.93–1.34) | 0.98 (0.86–1.10) | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) |
Conversion Experience | ||
---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Emotional abuse | 1.44 (1.16–1.79) ** | 1.46 (1.17–1.82) ** |
Physical abuse | 1.04 (0.80–1.34) | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) |
Sexual abuse | 0.90 (0.65–1.26) | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) |
Emotional neglect | 1.43 (1.12–1.83) ** | 1.42 (1.11–1.82) ** |
Physical neglect | 0.99 (0.75–1.30) | 0.97 (0.74–1.29) |
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Kosarkova, A.; Malinakova, K.; Koncalova, Z.; Tavel, P.; van Dijk, J.P. Childhood Trauma Is Associated with the Spirituality of Non-Religious Respondents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041268
Kosarkova A, Malinakova K, Koncalova Z, Tavel P, van Dijk JP. Childhood Trauma Is Associated with the Spirituality of Non-Religious Respondents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041268
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosarkova, Alice, Klara Malinakova, Zuzana Koncalova, Peter Tavel, and Jitse P. van Dijk. 2020. "Childhood Trauma Is Associated with the Spirituality of Non-Religious Respondents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041268