High Level of Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Renal Progression in Hypertensive Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Study Variables and Definitions
2.3. Physical Activities Definitions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Overall | Renal Non-Progression | Renal Progression | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 3543) | (n = 2470) | (n = 1073) | ||
Sex, % | 0.052 | |||
Female | 1500 (42.34) | 1019 (41.26) | 481 (44.83) | |
Male | 2043 (57.66) | 1451 (58.74) | 592 (55.17) | |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 63.32 ± 12.29 | 63.02 ± 12.21 | 63.99 ± 12.45 | 0.031 |
Comorbidities, % | ||||
CKD | 2771 (78.21) | 1755 (71.05) | 1016 (94.69) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1642 (46.34) | 1069 (43.28) | 573 (53.40) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 1428 (40.30) | 992 (40.16) | 436 (40.63) | 0.821 |
Stroke | 330 (9.31) | 206 (8.34) | 124 (11.56) | 0.003 |
Gout | 1005 (28.37) | 596 (24.13) | 409 (38.12) | <0.001 |
Physical examination, mean ± SD | ||||
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.58 ± 1.22 | 1.29 ± 0.98 | 2.25 ± 1.44 | <0.001 |
Baseline eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 52.70 ± 24.66 | 59.27 ± 22.43 | 37.57 ± 22.86 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 161.39 ± 8.28 | 161.71 ± 8.32 | 160.65 ± 8.12 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 67.58 ± 12.91 | 68.03 ± 13.03 | 66.55 ± 12.58 | 0.002 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.87 ± 4.11 | 25.93 ± 4.10 | 25.73 ± 4.14 | 0.181 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 115.63 ± 36.33 | 113.54 ± 33.92 | 120.32 ± 40.87 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 133.88 ± 16.70 | 133.07 ± 16.64 | 135.73 ± 16.70 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.33 ± 11.61 | 77.63 ± 11.35 | 76.62 ± 12.17 | 0.022 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 181.91 ± 38.58 | 181.45 ± 37.02 | 182.96 ± 41.88 | 0.332 |
Lifestyle, % | ||||
Cigarette smoking | 919 (25.95) | 630 (25.51) | 289 (26.96) | 0.387 |
Alcohol consumption | 423 (11.94) | 304 (12.31) | 119 (11.09) | 0.332 |
Sitting Time (HR/per day), mean ± SD | 242.84 ± 136.91 | 241.90 ± 137.36 | 244.53 ± 136.20 | 0.717 |
Levels of Physical Activity, % | <0.001 | |||
Low | 2235 (63.08) | 1519 (61.50) | 716 (66.73) | |
Moderate | 926 (26.14) | 653 (26.44) | 273 (25.44) | |
High | 382 (10.78) | 298 (12.06) | 84 (7.83) |
Characteristic | Low | Moderate | High | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 2235 | n = 926 | n = 382 | ||
Sex, % | <0.001 | |||
Female | 1021 (45.68) | 380 (41.04) | 99 (25.92) | |
Male | 1214 (54.32) | 546 (58.96) | 283 (74.08) | |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 63.29 ± 12.70 | 64.19 ± 11.33 | 61.34 ± 11.86 | <0.001 |
Comorbidities, % | ||||
CKD | 1765 (78.97) | 725 (78.29) | 281 (73.56) | 0.061 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1085 (48.55) | 404 (43.63) | 153 (40.05) | 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 881 (39.42) | 375 (40.50) | 172 (45.03) | 0.118 |
Stroke | 214 (9.57) | 83 (8.96) | 33 (8.64) | 0.771 |
Gout | 619 (27.70) | 262 (28.29) | 124 (32.46) | 0.161 |
Physical examination, mean ± SD | ||||
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.63 ± 1.28 | 1.52 ± 1.16 | 1.46 ± 1.02 | 0.010 |
Baseline eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 51.89 ± 25.26 | 53.31 ± 23.77 | 55.90 ± 22.97 | 0.009 |
Height (cm) | 161.14 ± 8.34 | 161.23 ± 8.17 | 163.16 ± 7.96 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 67.66 ± 13.31 | 66.64 ± 11.87 | 69.37 ± 12.84 | 0.002 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.98 ± 4.26 | 25.58 ± 3.85 | 25.96 ± 3.80 | 0.044 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 116.90 ± 38.76 | 114.31 ± 32.27 | 111.53 ± 30.44 | 0.016 |
SBP (mmHg) | 133.94 ± 16.82 | 133.81 ± 16.63 | 133.67 ± 16.18 | 0.948 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.18 ± 11.35 | 77.61 ± 12.22 | 77.51 ± 11.58 | 0.609 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 181.97 ± 39.65 | 182.32 ± 38.26 | 180.59 ± 32.74 | 0.777 |
Lifestyle, % | ||||
Cigarette smoking | 561 (25.10) | 237 (25.62) | 121 (31.68) | 0.025 |
Alcohol consumption | 261 (11.68) | 102 (11.02) | 60 (15.71) | 0.048 |
Sitting time, mean ± SD | 246.43 ± 139.73 | 240.75 ± 135.73 | 232.71 ± 127.43 | 0.396 |
Variable | Crude Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Levels of Physical Activity | ||
High | Reference | Reference |
Moderate | 1.48 (1.12–1.96) | 1.39 (1.01–1.90) |
Low | 1.67 (1.29–2.16) | 1.39 (1.04–1.86) |
Sex | ||
Male | Reference | Reference |
Female | 1.16 (1.00–1.33) | 1.16 (1.00–1.33) |
Age (years) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) |
Comorbidities, % | ||
CKD | 7.26 (5.48–9.61) | 3.87 (2.86–5.24) |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.50 (1.30–1.73) | 1.75 (1.48–2.08) |
Dyslipidemia | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) |
Stroke | 1.44 (1.14–1.82) | 1.30 (1.00–1.70) |
Gout | 1.94 (1.66–2.26) | 1.47 (1.23–1.77) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.05 (1.90–2.21) | 2.00 (1.83–2.18) |
Cigarette smoking | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) |
Alcohol consumption | 0.87 (0.71–1.11) | 0.98 (0.76–1.28) |
Subgroups | High | Moderate Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Low Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p for Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Reference | 1.45 (0.99–2.12) | 1.56 (1.10–2.20) | <0.020 |
Female | Reference | 1.20 (0.63–1.87) | 1.09 (0.67–2.12) | 0.866 |
Age ≥ 60 | Reference | 1.50 (1.02–2.21) | 1.54 (1.08–2.22) | 0.052 |
Age < 60 | Reference | 1.52 (0.87–2.64) | 1.51 (0.92–2.48) | 0.191 |
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Chang, P.-Y.; Lyu, S.-Y.; Lin, Y.-F.; Huang, C.-C. High Level of Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Renal Progression in Hypertensive Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051669
Chang P-Y, Lyu S-Y, Lin Y-F, Huang C-C. High Level of Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Renal Progression in Hypertensive Patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051669
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Po-Ya, Shu-Yu Lyu, Yuh-Feng Lin, and Chun-Ching Huang. 2020. "High Level of Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Renal Progression in Hypertensive Patients" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051669