Risk Factors and Behaviours of Schoolchildren with Myopia in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Patient Population
2.2. Ethics, Governance, and Consent
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.4. Risk Factors
2.5. Vision Care Knowledge
- Long-acting mydriatic agent is harmful to eyes.
- Long-acting mydriatic agent is proven to be effective in controlling myopia.
- Vision deteriorates faster for people with myopic squinting and seeing without appropriate corrective lenses.
- It is better not to wear eyeglasses, even when you have myopia, since eyeglasses may very likely make your vision worse.
- Pupil dilating effect will disappear once you stop using mydriatic agents.
- Corrective lens power should be less than your real power since the full correction lenses may accelerate myopia progression.
- Usage of electronic devices will accelerate myopia progression.
- Eye health and vision can be improved by adequate outdoor activities and exercise.
- “30/10 Rule” refers to every 30 min spent in near work activity requires a 10-min rest.
- High myopia is nothing to worry about. It is not associated with retinal problems, glaucoma, cataracts, or any other eye diseases.
2.6. Sampling
2.7. Multivariate Regression Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Demographics
3.2. Multivariate Analyses and Sensitivity Tests
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Primary | Middle | High School | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 522 | 344 | 115 | 63 |
Age (years) | 11.31 (3.08) | 9.58 (1.91) | 13.55 (1.21) | 16.60 (1.32) |
Boy (%) | 49.81 | 53.20 | 45.22 | 39.68 |
BMI † | 18.63 (4.02) | 17.57 (3.48) | 20.08 (4.01) | 21.89 (4.31) |
Family Income (USD, monthly) | 3132.32 (1382.7) | 3180.3 (1394.15) | 3084.93 (1339.60) | 2885.20 (1394.26) |
Frequency of seeing an opthalmologist (months) | 4.17 (1.80) | 3.92 (1.80) | 4.62 (1.65) | 4.76 (1.87) |
Private School (%) | 22.56 | 19.82 | 23.00 | 36.51 |
Cram School (%) | 62.45 | 64.50 | 66.37 | 44.44 |
Activity Hours | ||||
Cram School (hours per day) | 1.98 (1.97) | 2.17 (2.06) | 1.81 (1.83) | 1.11 (1.49) |
Electronic Devises (hours per day) | 1.94 (1.43) | 1.54 (1.26) | 2.30 (1.36) | 3.43 (1.27) |
TV (hours per day) | 1.77 (1.16) | 1.83 (1.10) | 1.63 (1.15) | 1.71 (1.41) |
Study (hours per day) | 3.08 (1.10) | 2.93 (0.97) | 3.26 (1.21) | 3.50 (1.24) |
Sleep (hours per day) | 7.66 (1.12) | 7.90 (1.11) | 7.29 (0.95) | 7.00 (0.96) |
Outdoor activities (hours per week) | 3.68 (3.42) | 3.80 (3.19) | 3.65 (4.15) | 3.16 (3.19) |
Refractive error (D) ‡ | 2.42 (2.13) | 1.95 (1.83) | 3.20 (2.23) | 3.62 (2.54) |
Myopia Progression (D) (in past year) | 0.50 (0.63) | 0.53 (0.61) | 0.47 (0.74) | 0.42 (0.56) |
Knowledge | 76.52 (10.22) | 77.18 (9.96) | 75.00 (10.51) | 75.67 (10.92) |
Onset Age | 8.24 (2.71) | 7.46 (0.18) | 9.46 (2.95) | 10.36 (3.20) |
Other Eye Disorders | ||||
Amblyopia | 9.41% | 9.55% | 8.03% | 11.11% |
Strabismus | 5.69% | 6.27% | 5.36% | 3.17% |
Total | Primary | Middle | High School | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 522 | 344 | 115 | 63 |
Supplements (%) | ||||
Vitamin | 15.32 | 14.82 | 19.13 | 11.11 |
Fish oil | 9.34 | 10.50 | 7.82 | 6.35 |
Lutein | 13.98 | 13.08 | 14.78 | 17.46 |
Mydriatic (%) | 97.31 | 97.09 | 97.39 | 98.41 |
Atropine (0.125%) | 28.8 | 31.39 | 21.73 | 23.80 |
Corrective methods (%) | 57.28 | 49.72 | 72.17 | 71.42 |
Spectacles | 56.32 | 48.54 | 71.30 | 71.42 |
Contact lenses | 3.25 | 2.48 | 5.21 | 4.76 |
Orthokeratology | 0.57 | 0.00 | 1.73 | 1.58 |
Total | Primary | Middle | High School | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reading | 3.71 (1.18) | 3.74 (1.21) | 3.65 (1.10) | 3.63 (1.15) |
TV | 3.57 (1.35) | 3.67 (1.32) | 3.27 (1.49) | 3.61 (1.26) |
Outdoor activities | 3.80 (1.20) | 3.86 (1.17) | 3.61 (1.27) | 3.78 (1.14) |
Sleep | 3.45 (1.31) | 3.36 (1.31) | 3.48 (1.37) | 3.85 (1.10) |
Genetics | 3.45 (1.26) | 3.54 (1.26) | 3.44 (1.22) | 3.00 (1.20) |
Space | 2.89 (1.22) | 2.93 (1.23) | 2.94 (1.20) | 2.56 (1.16) |
Injury | 2.24 (1.31) | 2.25 (1.30) | 2.14 (1.31) | 2.38 (1.34) |
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
---|---|---|---|
All Children | Primary School | Secondary School | |
Length (years) | 0.13 *** | 0.15 *** | 0.10 *** |
(8.12) | (9.38) | (4.07) | |
Boy | 0.01 | 0.08 ** | 0.05 |
(1.20) | (1.77) | (0.56) | |
Growth in Height (cm) | 0.01 | 0.02 * | 0.01 |
(1.35) | (1.87) | (0.35) | |
BMI | 0.02 * | 0.03 ** | 0.02 |
(1.63) | (2.00) | (0.69) | |
Weight (kg) | −0.01 | −0.01 * | −0.00 |
(−1.40) | (−1.74) | (−0.49) | |
Space | −0.03 ** | −0.04 ** | 0.01 |
(−1.84) | (−2.05) | (0.37) | |
Income | 0.00 | −0.10 | 0.14 * |
(0.04) | (−1.44) | (1.73) | |
Mydriatic | 0.06 * | 0.10 ** | 0.08 |
(1.83) | (1.84) | (0.79) | |
Eye Care Knowledge | −0.004 ** | −0.003 ** | −0.01 |
(−1.89) | (−1.76) | (−1.09) | |
Genetic | 0.08 * | 0.05 * | 0.003 |
(1.72) | (1.68) | (0.04) | |
Private School | −0.11 ** | −0.11 ** | −0.11 |
(−2.06) | (−1.90) | (−1.05) | |
School Performance | −0.02 * | −0.03 *** | 0.013 |
(−1.80) | (−2.74) | (0.57) | |
Food Supplement | |||
Vitamin | −0.01 | 0.14 * | −0.23 ** |
(−0.07) | (1.87) | (−2.15) | |
Fish oil | −0.02 | −0.08 | −0.04 |
(−0.21) | (−0.69) | (−0.18) | |
Activity Hours | |||
Cram School | 0.02 * | 0.02 | 0.01 |
(1.63) | (1.11) | (0.18) | |
Electronics | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.003 |
(−0.65) | (−1.37) | (−0.11) | |
TV | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.02 |
(−0.59) | (−0.36) | (−0.57) | |
Study | 0.003 | −0.05 * | 0.05 |
(0.14) | (−1.88) | (1.20) | |
Sleep | −0.007 | 0.001 | −0.04 |
(−0.31) | (0.05) | (−0.94) | |
Ourdoor Exercise | −0.01 * | −0.003 | −0.01 |
(−1.60) | (−0.60) | (−1.09) | |
Middle School | 0.243 *** | ||
(3.32) | |||
High School | 0.0934 | ||
(0.72) | |||
N | 522 | 272 | 250 |
R2 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.27 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
---|---|---|---|
All Children | Primary School | Secondary School | |
Length (years) | 0.02 * | 0.02 ** | 0.01 |
(1.76) | (1.81) | (0.74) | |
Boy | 0.03 | 0.04 * | 0.05 |
(1.22) | (1.75) | (0.67) | |
Growth in Height | 0.01 ** | 0.03 *** | −0.002 |
(cm) | (1.92) | (3.71) | (−0.16) |
BMI | 0.02 ** | 0.02 ** | 0.003 |
(2.28) | (2.00) | (0.17) | |
Weight (kg) | −0.01 *** | −0.01 ** | −0.004 |
(−3.37) | (−2.30) | (−0.91) | |
Space | −0.002 | 0.01 | −0.01 |
(−0.22) | (0.60) | (−0.49) | |
Income ‡ | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.001 |
(0.76) | (0.94) | (−0.02) | |
Mydratic Use | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.03 |
(−1.00) | (−0.66) | (−0.47) | |
Private School | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.01 |
(−0.85) | (−1.14) | (0.11) | |
Eye Care | −0.001 | −0.0001 | −0.001 |
Knowledge | (−0.32) | (−0.07) | (−0.58) |
Genetics | 0.03 * | 0.06 ** | −0.01 |
(1.66) | (1.99) | (−0.22) | |
School Performance | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.003 |
(−0.87) | (−1.26) | (0.17) | |
Food Supplements | |||
Vitamin | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.05 |
(−0.12) | (−0.70) | (0.40) | |
Fish oil | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.02 |
(0.28) | (0.73) | (−0.28) | |
Activity Hours | |||
Cram School | 0.01 * | 0.01 | 0.02 |
(1.62) | (1.47) | (1.37) | |
Electronics | 0.04 ** | 0.01 | 0.05 * |
(2.26) | (0.45) | (1.80) | |
TV | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 |
(−0.42) | (1.10) | (−0.88) | |
Study | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 |
(0.34) | (−0.88) | (0.34) | |
Sleep | −0.00 | 0.01 | −0.02 |
(−0.01) | (0.39) | (−0.73) | |
Outdoore Exercise | −0.0002 | −0.01 * | −0.01 |
(−0.04) | (−1.65) | (−0.98) | |
Middle School | 0.002 | ||
(0.05) | |||
High School | −0.04 | ||
(−0.45) | |||
N | 522 | 272 | 250 |
R2 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.08 |
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Cheng, H.-C.; Chang, K.; Shen, E.; Luo, K.-S.; Ying, Y.-H. Risk Factors and Behaviours of Schoolchildren with Myopia in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061967
Cheng H-C, Chang K, Shen E, Luo K-S, Ying Y-H. Risk Factors and Behaviours of Schoolchildren with Myopia in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061967
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Han-Chih, Koyin Chang, Elizabeth Shen, Kai-Shin Luo, and Yung-Hsiang Ying. 2020. "Risk Factors and Behaviours of Schoolchildren with Myopia in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061967