Longitudinal Association of Economic Growth with Lung Function of Chinese Children and Adolescents over 30 Years: Evidence from Seven Successive National Surveys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trends Results
3.2. Linear Analysis
3.3. Quadratic Analysis
3.4. Periodical Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
LFVC | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Boys | Urban Girls | Rural Boys | Rural Girls | ||||||
Models | Variable | β | p Values | β | p Values | β | p Values | β | p Values |
Linear | DLGDPPC | −0.13 (−5.12) | 0.000 | −0.16 (−5.66) | 0.000 | 0.02 (1.03) | 0.305 | −0.02 (0.76) | 0.450 |
Quadratic | DLGDPPC | −41.43 (−16.39) | 0.000 | −53.19 (−20.52) | 0.000 | −30.46 (−14.39) | 0.000 | −43.21 (−18.00) | 0.000 |
DLGDPPC^2 | 27.42 (16.43) | 0.000 | 35.22 (20.57) | 0.000 | 20.24 (14.47) | 0.000 | 28.70 (18.08) | 0.000 |
Appendix C
LFVC | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Boys | Urban Girls | Rural Boys | Rural Girls | |||||
Variable | Linear | Quadratic | Linear | Quadratic | Linear | Quadratic | Linear | Quadratic |
LGDPPC | −0.022 *** | −0.787 *** | −0.039 *** | −0.938 *** | −0.033*** | −0.490 *** | −0.057 *** | −0.673 *** |
(−7.60) | (−17.33) | (−14.88) | (−19.46) | (−11.12) | (−9.81) | (−24.32) | (−14.38) | |
LGDPPC^2 | 0.053 *** | 0.062 *** | 0.031 *** | 0.042 *** | ||||
(16.71) | (18.45) | (9.04) | (13.06) | |||||
Observations | 3024 | 3024 | 3024 | 3024 | 3024 | 3024 | 3024 | 3024 |
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1985 | 1991 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2014 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 409,836 | 184,835 | 204,763 | 216,073 | 234,289 | 215,223 | 214,301 |
Setting | |||||||
Urban | 204,669 (49.9%) | 93,545 (50.6%) | 103,674 (50.6%) | 108,564 (50.2%) | 117,932 (50.3%) | 107,537 (50.0%) | 107,211 (50.0%) |
Rural | 205,167 (50.1%) | 91,290 (49.4%) | 101,089 (49.4%) | 107,509 (49.8%) | 116,357 (49.7%) | 107,686 (50.0%) | 107,090 (50.0%) |
Sex | |||||||
Boys | 205,040 (50.0%) | 93,587 (50.6%) | 102,998 (50.3%) | 107,985 (50.0%) | 117,594 (50.2%) | 107,611 (50.0%) | 107,175 (50.0%) |
Girls | 204,796 (50.0%) | 91,248 (49.4%) | 101,765 (49.7%) | 108,088 (50.0%) | 116,695 (49.8%) | 107,612 (50.0%) | 107,126 (50.0%) |
FVC (mL) | |||||||
Male (urban) | 3063.6 (1077.1) | 3115.0 (1046.4) | 2971.7 (1012.5) | 2985.4 (1012.2) | 2753.7 (1022.7) | 2789.6 (1055.7) | 2982.3 (1077.3) |
Female (urban) | 2377.4 (594.9) | 2393.4 (564.8) | 2271.9 (567.3) | 2244.7 (553.6) | 1993.0 (547.4) | 2015.1 (569.2) | 2163.1 (573.2) |
Male (rural) | 2928.9 (1082.7) | 2924.5 (1076.6) | 2826.9 (1020.2) | 2792.8 (1008.6) | 2609.7 (1006.4) | 2719.7 (1049.9) | 2830.4 (1063.9) |
Female (rural) | 2298.8 (632.5) | 2263.3 (596.1) | 2174.6 (600.2) | 2110.2 (563.7) | 1887.9 (551.1) | 1971.3 (560.5) | 2054.2 (572.4) |
Height (cm) | |||||||
Male (urban) | 154.1 (17.6) | 156.0 (16.6) | 156.6 (16.7) | 157.5 (16.6) | 158.4 (16.3) | 159.4 (16.1) | 160.3 (15.8) |
Female (urban) | 148.7 (13.1) | 150.2 (12.3) | 150.4 (12.2) | 151.0 (12.2) | 151.7 (11.9) | 152.5 (11.6) | 153.1 (11.3) |
Male (rural) | 150.4 (18.0) | 152.5 (17.4) | 153.2 (17.2) | 154.1 (17.3) | 155.5 (16.8) | 156.5 (16.6) | 158.1 (16.3) |
Female (rural) | 145.4 (13.9) | 146.9 (13.2) | 147.7 (12.9) | 148.3 (12.9) | 149.3 (12.4) | 150.5 (12.5) | 151.3 (11.8) |
Weight (kg) | |||||||
Male (urban) | 43.5 (13.6) | 45.8 (13.2) | 47.0 (13.5) | 49.1 (14.0) | 50.5 (13.5) | 52.0 (13.7) | 53.7 (13.9) |
Female (urban) | 40.2 (10.7) | 41.4 (10.1) | 42.3 (10.3) | 43.4 (10.3) | 44.1 (9.9) | 44.9 (9.7) | 46.2 (9.8) |
Male (rural) | 41.9 (13.9) | 43.3 (13.8) | 44.1 (13.8) | 45.1 (13.9) | 46.5 (13.5) | 48.2 (13.6) | 50.6 (13.6) |
Female (rural) | 39.6 (11.6) | 40.2 (11.1) | 41.0 (11.1) | 41.4 (11.0) | 42.1 (10.4) | 43.4 (10.4) | 44.5 (9.9) |
GDP per capita (US$) | 280 | 341 | 519 | 939 | 1669 | 4295 | 7529 |
Urbanization ratio | 23.7% | 26.4% | 29% | 36.2% | 43.0% | 48.0% | 54.8% |
LFVC | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Boys | Urban Girls | Rural Boys | Rural Girls | ||||||
Models | Variable | β | p Values | β | p Values | β | p Values | β | p Values |
Linear | LGDPPC | −0.02 (−6.75) | 0.000 | −0.04 (−14.08) | 0.000 | −0.03 (−11.38) | 0.000 | −0.06 (−21.38) | 0.000 |
Quadratic | LGDPPC | −0.78 (−17.08) | 0.000 | −0.94 (−18.57) | 0.000 | −0.49 (−11.26) | 0.000 | −0.67 (−13.93) | 0.000 |
LGDPPC^2 | 0.05 (16.57) | 0.000 | 0.06 (17.62) | 0.000 | 0.03 (10.50) | 0.000 | 0.04 (12.68) | 0.000 | |
τ = 1669 | τ = 1919 | τ = 2921 | τ = 2697 | ||||||
Linear | LURBAN | −0.09 (−6.75) | 0.000 | −0.15 (−14.08) | 0.000 | −0.12 (−11.38) | 0.000 | −0.22 (−21.38) | 0.000 |
Quadratic | LURBAN | −5.91 (−16.84) | 0.000 | −7.00 (−18.10) | 0.000 | −3.61 (−10.88) | 0.000 | −4.92 (−13.31) | 0.000 |
LURBAN^2 | 0.81 (16.57) | 0.000 | 0.96 (17.61) | 0.000 | 0.49 (10.49) | 0.000 | 0.66 (12.66) | 0.000 | |
τ = 42.94 | τ = 42.09 | τ = 44.70 | τ = 50.90 |
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Gan, X.; Yu, K.; Wen, X.; Lu, Y. Longitudinal Association of Economic Growth with Lung Function of Chinese Children and Adolescents over 30 Years: Evidence from Seven Successive National Surveys. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126592
Gan X, Yu K, Wen X, Lu Y. Longitudinal Association of Economic Growth with Lung Function of Chinese Children and Adolescents over 30 Years: Evidence from Seven Successive National Surveys. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126592
Chicago/Turabian StyleGan, Xiaomei, Kehong Yu, Xu Wen, and Yijuan Lu. 2021. "Longitudinal Association of Economic Growth with Lung Function of Chinese Children and Adolescents over 30 Years: Evidence from Seven Successive National Surveys" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126592