Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Lines and Chemicals
2.2. Cytotoxicity Assays
2.3. Apoptosis–Necrosis Assay
2.4. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Assay
2.5. Alkaline Comet Assay
2.6. Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay (CBMN) and CREST Immunofluorescence
2.7. Gene Expression Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cytotoxicity
3.2. Apoptosis and Necrosis Time-Course
3.3. ROS Intracellular Levels
3.4. Comet Assay
3.5. Micronucleus Test
3.6. Gene Expression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | qPCR Primers (5′-3′) | |
---|---|---|
GAPDH | fw: | ACTCCTCCACCTTTGACGCT |
rev: | CTTCAAGGGGTCTACATGGC | |
BAX | fw: | GTCTTTTTCCGAGTGGCAGC |
rev: | GACAGGGACATCAGTCGCTT | |
BCL2 | fw: | CTTTGAGTTCGGTGGGGTCA |
rev: | GGGCCGTACAGTTCCACAAA | |
NRF2 | fw: | ACAAGATGGGCTGCTGCACTGG |
rev: | TCCCCGAGGAACCCGCTGAAAA | |
CYP1A1 | fw: | CCCCCACAGCACAACAAGAG |
rev: | GGGTGAGAAACCGTTCAGGT | |
ERCC1 | fw: | GGCTCGAGAAAGACAGGCTCC |
rev: | CATATTCGGCGTAGGTCTGAGG | |
OGG1 | fw: | GCCTGATGGCCCTAGACAAG |
rev: | GCACTGAACAGCACCGCTT |
Chemical | Test | HepG2 | A549 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC10 (95% CI) | EC20 (95% CI) | EC50 (95% CI) | EC10 (95% CI) | EC20 (95% CI) | EC50 (95% CI) | ||
Mancozeb | MTS | 3.61 (<2.96 × 10−3–8.04) | 8.67 (1.01–16.34) | 38.73 (19.11–58.35) | 22.89 (7.82–37.96) | 47.13 (24.66–69.61) | 162.03 (121.68–202.38) |
CyQUANT | 142.43 (<2.96 × 10−3–677.98) | 166.45 (<2.96 × 10−3–658.65) | 217.96 (<2.96 × 10−3–560.64) | 69.39 (<2.96 × 10−3–181.19) | 121.89 (0.16–243.59) | 319.24 (251.16–387.32) | |
Zoxamide | MTS | 14.45 (<4.63 × 10−3–41.14) | 61.87 (<4.63 × 10−3–135.78) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
CyQUANT | 0.75 (<4.63 × 10−3–2.09) | 1.79 (<4.63 × 10−3–4.09) | 7.90 (<4.63 × 10−3–18.50) | 200.57 (<4.63 × 10−3–589.47) | 274.82 (<4.63 × 10−3–608.30) | 470.84 (420.00–521.68) |
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Lori, G.; Tassinari, R.; Narciso, L.; Udroiu, I.; Sgura, A.; Maranghi, F.; Tait, S. Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168591
Lori G, Tassinari R, Narciso L, Udroiu I, Sgura A, Maranghi F, Tait S. Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168591
Chicago/Turabian StyleLori, Gabriele, Roberta Tassinari, Laura Narciso, Ion Udroiu, Antonella Sgura, Francesca Maranghi, and Sabrina Tait. 2021. "Toxicological Comparison of Mancozeb and Zoxamide Fungicides at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations by an In Vitro Approach" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168591