Impact of Parental Education and Physical Activity on the Long-Term Development of the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: An Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient and Public Involvement
2.2. Sample
2.3. Measurements in Children
2.4. Questionnaire for Parents
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Parental Variables
3.2. Children’s Characteristics
3.3. Comparison of Parental Education Group and Parental PA Group
3.4. Comparison of Included and Excluded Children to the AN(C)OVA
4. Discussion
4.1. Parental Education and Children’s Physical Fitness
4.2. Parental Physical Activity and Children’s Physical Fitness
4.3. Comparison of the Statistical Models
4.4. Children’s Physical Fitness and Additional Associating Factors
5. Limitations and Strengths
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subtest | Time Point | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | |||||
20-m sprint [s] | 4.6 | (0.5) | 4.3 | (0.4) | 4.1 | (0.4) | 4.0 | (0.3) |
Balancing backwards [n steps] | 29 | (10) | 34 | (9) | 38 | (8) | 39 | (8) |
Jumping sideways [n jumps] | 25 | (6) | 33 | (6) | 37 | (6) | 40 | (7) |
Stand-and-reach [cm] | 1.0 | (6.7) | 0.8 | (6.7) | 0.4 | (7.2) | 0.8 | (7.9) |
Push-ups [n] | 13 | (4) | 17 | (3) | 17 | (4) | 18 | (5) |
Sit ups [n] | 16 | (5) | 20 | (6) | 22 | (6) | 24 | (6) |
Standing long jump [cm] | 119 | (18) | 124 | (20) | 137 | (20) | 143 | (23) |
6-min run [m] | 824 | (247) | 876 | (157) | 919 | (171) | 966 | (190) |
Missing cases | 64–66 | 49 | 36 | 24 |
ANOVA | ANCOVA | Multilevel Modelling | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | Partial η² | p | Partial η² | p | B | SE B | 95% CI lb | 95% CI ub | ||||
PEd | <0.001 | *** | 0.06 | 0.001 | ** | 0.04 | 0.040 | * | 1.75 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 3.07 |
PPh | 0.326 | 0.00 | 0.677 | 0.00 | 0.288 | 1.33 | 0.70 | −0.05 | 2.71 | |||
PET | 0.231 | 0.01 | 0.261 | 0.01 | 0.269 | 0.31–0.95 | 0.54–0.55 | |||||
PPT | 0.003 | ** | 0.02 | 0.004 | ** | 0.02 | 0.122 | 0.37–1.16 | 0.58–0.59 | |||
Time | <0.001 | *** | 0.13 | 0.007 | ** | 0.02 | <0.001 | *** | 0.01–3.80 | 0.35–0.37 | ||
WS | <0.001 | *** | 0.10 | <0.001 | *** | 3.73 | 0.48 | 2.80 | 4.66 | |||
MBg | <0.001 | *** | 0.05 | <0.001 | *** | −3.14 | 0.63 | −4.38 | −1.90 |
Time Point | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | MC | p | ||||||
OW, % (n) | 1+ parent USE | 10.3% | (19) | 12.7% | (25) | 12.8% | (26) | 13.3% | (28) | 29–69 | <0.010 | ** |
2 parents LSE | 21.2% | (25) | 24.2% | (29) | 26.8% | (34) | 30.3% | (40) | ||||
MBg, % (n) | 1+ parent USE | 20.6% | (46) | 7 | <0.001 | *** | ||||||
2 parents LSE | 46.8% | (66) | ||||||||||
OW, % (n) | 1+ parent RPA | 11.5% | (30) | 14.6% | (38) | 16.9% | (44) | 16.9% | (44) | 24–64 | 0.285 < p < 0.763 | |
2 parents NPA | 12.6% | (14) | 14.4% | (16) | 14.4% | (16) | 21.6% | (24) | ||||
MBg, % (n) | 1+ parent RPA | 24.6% | (64) | 2 | < 0.001 | *** | ||||||
2 parents NPA | 44.1% | (49) |
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Ruedl, G.; Niedermeier, M.; Wimmer, L.; Ploner, V.; Pocecco, E.; Cocca, A.; Greier, K. Impact of Parental Education and Physical Activity on the Long-Term Development of the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: An Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168736
Ruedl G, Niedermeier M, Wimmer L, Ploner V, Pocecco E, Cocca A, Greier K. Impact of Parental Education and Physical Activity on the Long-Term Development of the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: An Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168736
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuedl, Gerhard, Martin Niedermeier, Lukas Wimmer, Vivien Ploner, Elena Pocecco, Armando Cocca, and Klaus Greier. 2021. "Impact of Parental Education and Physical Activity on the Long-Term Development of the Physical Fitness of Primary School Children: An Observational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168736