Factors Associated with the Maintenance of Breastfeeding at One Year among Women in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Instrument
- (1)
- The demographics and characteristics of the mothers included maternal age, level of education, monthly income of the household, marital status, body mass index (BMI), parity, timing of first antenatal care (ANC), age of infant when mother returned to work, employment status, and shiftwork type. For the evaluation of shiftwork type, we categorized into four groups: stay-at-home mothers (SAHMs), full-time work with day shift, work with rotational shift, and work-from-home job with a flexible schedule. Full-time work with a day shift refers to the work that has a fixed schedule required to work from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., for example, hairdresser, teacher, and mechanic. Work with rotational shift refers to work that has a consistent or predictable change in shifts each day or week, for example, nurses, policemen, and factory workers. Finally, work-from-home job with a flexible schedule refers to the work that mothers can do whenever they desire to work as long as the work is completed, for example, journalist, translator, and online seller.
- (2)
- Reasons that encouraged the decision to breastfeed as identified by mothers who continued breastfeeding at one year postpartum in which reasons were measured by questions that required a nominal or categorical (yes or no) response, including better for child’s health, better for mother’s health, avoid trouble from formula feeding, easier to bond with baby if breastfeeding, more convenient than formula feeding, more cost-effective than formula feeding, family members or friends encourage breastfeeding, and healthcare providers encourage breastfeeding.
- (3)
- Mother’s primary sources of information related to continued breastfeeding at one year postpartum in which the data were measured by questions that required nominal or categorical (yes or no) face-to-face communication with health care providers, prenatal class, television, internet/social media, and printed media.
- (4)
- Influential persons’ impact on continued breastfeeding in which the data were measured by questions that required a nominal or categorical (yes or no) response including myself, husband, maternal grandmother, friends, nurses, and doctors.
2.5. Ethical Consideration
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Factors Encouraging the Decision to Breastfeed
3.3. Mother’s Primary Sources of Information Related to Continued Breastfeeding at One Year Postpartum
3.4. Influential Persons Impacting Continued Breastfeeding
3.5. Predictors of Continued Breastfeeding at One Year Postpartum
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total (n = 451) | The Duration of Breastfeeding, n (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BF ≥ 12 Months (n = 257, 57.0%) | BF < 12 Months (n = 194, 43.0%) | |||
Maternal age at birth (years); Mean ± SD | 30.97 ± 5.31 | 31.16 ± 5.32 | 30.71 ± 5.29 | |
≤25 | 74 (16.4) | 40 (54.1) | 34 (45.9) | 0.836 |
26–30 | 139 (30.8) | 79 (56.8) | 60 (43.2) | |
>30 | 238 (52.8) | 138 (58.0) | 100 (42.0) | |
Level of education | ||||
Undergraduate | 244 (54.1) | 128 (52.5) | 116 (47.5) | 0.035 * |
Graduate a | 207 (45.9) | 129 (62.3) | 78 (37.7) | |
Monthly income of the household, USD ¥ | ||||
≤950 | 307 (68.1) | 171 (55.7) | 136 (44.3) | 0.643 |
950–1900 | 101 (22.4) | 59 (58.4) | 42 (41.6) | |
>1900 | 43 (9.5) | 27 (62.8) | 16 (37.2) | |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 438 (97.1) | 252 (57.5) | 186 (42.5) | 0.139 |
Other (Single/Window/Separated) | 13 (2.9) | 5 (38.5) | 8 (61.5) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI), kg/m2 | ||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 45 (10.2) | 27 (60.0) | 18 (40.0) | 0.727 |
Normal weight (18.5–22.9) | 213 (48.1) | 122 (57.3) | 91 (42.7) | |
Overweight (23.0–24.9) | 79 (17.8) | 44 (55.7) | 35 (44.3) | |
Class 1 obesity (25.0–29.9) | 80 (18.1) | 49 (61.2) | 31 (38.8) | |
Class 2 obesity (≥30.0) | 26 (5.9) | 12 (46.2) | 14 (53.8) | |
Parity | ||||
Primiparous | 287 (63.6) | 153 (53.3) | 134 (46.7) | 0.037 * |
Multiparous | 164 (36.4) | 104 (63.4) | 60 (36.6) | |
Timing of first antenatal care (ANC) | ||||
First trimester | 379 (84.0) | 214 (56.5) | 165 (43.5) | 0.849 |
Second trimester | 56 (12.4) | 33 (58.9) | 23 (41.1) | |
Third trimester | 16 (3.5) | 10 (62.5) | 6 (37.5) | |
Age of infant when mother returned to work, months | ||||
≤3 | 376 (83.7) | 219 (58.2) | 157 (41.8) | 0.232 |
>3 | 73 (16.3) | 37 (50.7) | 36 (49.3) | |
Shiftwork types | ||||
Stay-at-home mothers (SAHMs) | 170 (37.9) | 109 (64.1) | 61 (35.9) | 0.096 |
Full-time work with day shift | 164 (36.5) | 87 (53.0) | 77 (47.0) | |
Work with rotational shift | 59 (13.1) | 33 (55.9) | 26 (44.1) | |
Work-from-home job with a flexible schedule | 56 (12.5) | 27 (48.2) | 29 (51.8) |
Variables | Continued BF at One Year Postpartum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
a Crude OR (95% CI) | p-Value | b Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Maternal education | ||||
Undergraduate | 0.667 (0.458–0.973) | 0.035 * | 0.635 (0.404, 0.997) | 0.049 * |
Graduate | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Parity | ||||
Primiparous | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Multiparous | 1.518 (1.024, 2.250) | 0.038 * | 1.588 (1.042, 2.420) | 0.031 * |
Shiftwork types | ||||
Stay-at-home mother (SAHM) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Full-time work with day shift | 0.632 (0.408, 0.980) | 0.040 * | 0.437 (0.261, 0.731) | 0.002 ** |
Work with rotational shift | 0.710 (0.389, 1.297) | 0.265 | 0.481 (0.247, 0.934) | 0.031 * |
Work-from-home job with a flexible schedule | 0.521 (0.283, 0.960) | 0.036 * | 0.439 (0.229, 0.838) | 0.013 * |
Factors encouraging the decision to breastfeed | ||||
Easier to bond with baby if breastfeeding | 2.898 (1.944, 4.322) | <0.001 ** | 3.118 (2.022, 4.809) | <0.001 ** |
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Ongprasert, K.; Siviroj, P. Factors Associated with the Maintenance of Breastfeeding at One Year among Women in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179224
Ongprasert K, Siviroj P. Factors Associated with the Maintenance of Breastfeeding at One Year among Women in Chiang Mai, Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179224
Chicago/Turabian StyleOngprasert, Krongporn, and Penprapa Siviroj. 2021. "Factors Associated with the Maintenance of Breastfeeding at One Year among Women in Chiang Mai, Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179224