Long-Term Changes in Older Adults’ Independence Levels for Performing Activities of Daily Living in Care Settings: A Nine-Year Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population, Design
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2009 | 2018 | |
---|---|---|
Mean ± SD, n (%) | ||
Sex | Men 1143 (19.5) | |
Women 4729 (80.5) | ||
Age (years) | 79.2 ± 6.4 | 88.2 ± 6.4 |
Men 76.2 ± 6.3 | Men 85.2 ± 6.3 | |
Women 80.0 ± 6.2 | Women 89.0± 6.2 | |
Lived at home | 5451 (92.8) | 4542 (77.4) |
Living alone | 2497 (42.5) | 2829 (48.2) |
Living together | 2954 (50.3) | 1713 (29.2) |
In an institution | 421 (7.2) | 1330 (22.6) |
Care-need level | ||
Requiring support 1 | 1050 (17.9) | 247 (4.2) |
Requiring support 2 | 1816 (30.9) | 624 (10.6) |
Requiring long-term care 1 | 1285 (21.9) | 718 (12.2) |
Requiring long-term care 2 | 807 (13.7) | 1024 (17.4) |
Requiring long-term care 3 | 452 (7.7) | 1039 (17.7) |
Requiring long-term care 4 | 304 (5.2) | 1211 (20.6) |
Requiring long-term care 5 | 158 (2.7) | 1009 (17.2) |
n = 5872 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADL Items | All | Men | Women | ||
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | p † | ||
2009 y | Grooming | 58.6 (3443) | 63.8 (729) | 57.4 (2714) | <0.001 |
Bathing | 49.7 (2921) | 57.1 (653) | 48.0 (2268) | <0.001 | |
Upper-body dressing | 29.4 (1724) | 43.2 (494) | 26.0 (1230) | <0.001 | |
Lower-body dressing | 28.6 (1680) | 40.8 (466) | 25.7 (1214) | <0.001 | |
Mobility | 25.4 (1490) | 32.7 (374) | 23.6 (1116) | <0.001 | |
Urination | 25.1 (1476) | 34.6 (395) | 22.9 (1081) | <0.001 | |
Defecation | 23.3 (1366) | 31.9 (365) | 21.2 (1001) | <0.001 | |
Transfer | 18.6 (1094) | 25.5 (291) | 17.0 (803) | <0.001 | |
Eating | 12.0 (703) | 17.4 (199) | 10.7 (504) | <0.001 | |
2018 y | Grooming | 89.8 (5275) | 90.6 (1035) | 89.7 (4240) | 0.383 |
Bathing | 85.1 (5000) | 86.8 (992) | 84.8 (4008) | <0.086 | |
Upper-body dressing | 68.4 (4017) | 72.9 (833) | 67.3 (3184) | <0.001 | |
Lower-body dressing | 62.9 (4064) | 73.4 (839) | 68.2 (3225) | <0.001 | |
Mobility | 62.2 (3654) | 60.0 (686) | 62.8 (2968) | 0.089 | |
Urination | 66.2 (3885) | 69.6 (796) | 65.3 (3089) | 0.006 | |
Defecation | 64.0 (3757) | 66.6 (761) | 63.4 (2996) | 0.043 | |
Transfer | 49.9 (2933) | 48.1 (550) | 50.4 (2383) | 0.177 | |
Eating | 34.9 (2051) | 32.9 (376) | 35.4 (1675) | 0.112 | |
χ2 test |
2009 y | 2018 y | β | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADL Items | β2009 | SE | χ2 | p | R | β2018 | SE | χ2 | p | R | ||
All | Grooming | 0.263 | 0.018 | 398.5 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.476 | 0.025 | 376.3 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.213 |
Bathing | 0.025 | 0.016 | 207.2 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.231 | 0.025 | 393.2 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.206 | |
Upper-body dressing | −0.578 | 0.018 | 86.8 | <0.001 | 3 | 0.568 | 0.020 | 205.8 | <0.001 | 4 | 1.146 | |
Lower-body dressing | −0.604 | 0.018 | 153.9 | <0.001 | 4 | 0.595 | 0.021 | 220.2 | <0.001 | 3 | 1.199 | |
Mobility | −0.721 | 0.018 | 77.9 | <0.001 | 5 | 0.365 | 0.020 | 1112.8 | <0.001 | 7 | 1.086 | |
Urination | −0.73 | 0.018 | 188.1 | <0.001 | 6 | 0.493 | 0.020 | 116.1 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.223 | |
Defecation | −0.802 | 0.019 | 216.8 | <0.001 | 7 | 0.421 | 0.020 | 141.8 | <0.001 | 6 | 1.223 | |
Transfer | −0.998 | 0.020 | 49.3 | <0.001 | 8 | 0.0 | 0.019 | 1746.2 | <0.001 | 8 | 0.998 | |
Eating | −1.338 | 0.022 | 189.8 | <0.001 | 9 | −0.436 | 0.022 | 1493.2 | <0.001 | 9 | 0.902 | |
Men | Grooming | 0.376 | 0.046 | 16.6 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.564 | 0.059 | 61.2 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.188 |
Bathing | 0.177 | 0.044 | 25.7 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.335 | 0.054 | 68.6 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.158 | |
Upper-body dressing | −0.226 | 0.042 | 22.3 | <0.001 | 3 | 0.72 | 0.046 | 27.9 | <0.001 | 4 | 0.946 | |
Lower-body dressing | −0.299 | 0.043 | 44.4 | <0.001 | 4 | 0.739 | 0.046 | 56.2 | <0.001 | 3 | 1.038 | |
Mobility | −0.552 | 0.044 | 19.0 | <0.001 | 6 | 0.293 | 0.043 | 50.2 | <0.001 | 7 | 0.845 | |
Urination | −0.493 | 0.044 | 62.6 | <0.001 | 5 | 0.605 | 0.045 | 35.2 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.098 | |
Defecation | −0.578 | 0.045 | 69.3 | <0.001 | 7 | 0.501 | 0.044 | 34.8 | <0.001 | 6 | 1.079 | |
Transfer | −0.803 | 0.047 | 20.3 | <0.001 | 8 | −0.049 | 0.043 | 21.7 | <0.001 | 8 | 0.754 | |
Eating | −1.131 | 0.052 | 37.7 | <0.001 | 9 | −0.49 | 0.046 | 89.7 | <0.001 | 9 | 0.641 | |
Women | Grooming | 0.241 | 0.019 | 447.4 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.458 | 0.027 | 433.1 | <0.001 | 1 | 1.217 |
Bathing | −0.005 | 0.017 | 214.0 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.21 | 0.027 | 433.9 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.215 | |
Upper-body dressing | −0.669 | 0.021 | 68.6 | <0.001 | 3 | 0.538 | 0.022 | 248.5 | <0.001 | 4 | 1.207 | |
Lower-body dressing | −0.681 | 0.021 | 108.9 | <0.001 | 4 | 0.567 | 0.022 | 221.3 | <0.001 | 3 | 1.248 | |
Mobility | −0.76 | 0.021 | 133.4 | <0.001 | 5 | 0.388 | 0.021 | 780.1 | <0.001 | 7 | 1.148 | |
Urination | −0.789 | 0.021 | 138.4 | <0.001 | 6 | 0.472 | 0.022 | 131.0 | <0.001 | 5 | 1.261 | |
Defecation | −0.859 | 0.022 | 160.1 | <0.001 | 7 | 0.407 | 0.021 | 166.6 | <0.001 | 6 | 1.266 | |
Transfer | −1.049 | 0.024 | 112.7 | <0.001 | 8 | 0.017 | 0.021 | 1564.1 | <0.001 | 8 | 1.066 | |
Eating | −1.394 | 0.026 | 188.6 | <0.001 | 9 | −0.421 | 0.024 | 1270.7 | <0.001 | 9 | 0.973 | |
Men median (quartile) | Women median (quartile) | p† | ||||||||||
Total of β | 1.038 (0.845, 1.098) | 1.215 (1.148, 1.248) | 0.008 |
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Okabe, T.; Suzuki, M.; Iso, N.; Tanaka, K.; Sagari, A.; Miyata, H.; Han, G.; Maruta, M.; Tabira, T.; Kawagoe, M. Long-Term Changes in Older Adults’ Independence Levels for Performing Activities of Daily Living in Care Settings: A Nine-Year Follow-Up Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189641
Okabe T, Suzuki M, Iso N, Tanaka K, Sagari A, Miyata H, Han G, Maruta M, Tabira T, Kawagoe M. Long-Term Changes in Older Adults’ Independence Levels for Performing Activities of Daily Living in Care Settings: A Nine-Year Follow-Up Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189641
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkabe, Takuhiro, Makoto Suzuki, Naoki Iso, Koji Tanaka, Akira Sagari, Hironori Miyata, Gwanghee Han, Michio Maruta, Takayuki Tabira, and Masahiro Kawagoe. 2021. "Long-Term Changes in Older Adults’ Independence Levels for Performing Activities of Daily Living in Care Settings: A Nine-Year Follow-Up Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189641