The Impact of COVID-19 on the Preparation for the Tokyo Olympics: A Comprehensive Performance Assessment of Top Swimmers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Sports Cardiology Screening Protocol
2.3.2. Post-COVID Return-to-Play Examinations
2.3.3. Time-Ranking Points Calculation
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Findings of the Sports Cardiology Screening
3.3. Performance Analyses by Time-Ranking Points
3.4. Findings of Return-to-PLAY Examination
4. Discussion
4.1. Practical Implications
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-COVID Swimmers (n = 32) | COVID Swimmers (n = 14) | P | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 24.2 ± 4.4 | 23 ± 3.8 | 0.40 |
Female (n, %) | 14 (43.8%) | 7 (50%) | 0.70 |
Sports experience (years) | 17.8 ± 4.5 | 16.8 ± 3.9 | 0.44 |
Pre-COVID training hours/week | 24 ± 4.5 | 24.5 ± 3.9 | 0.71 |
Post-COVID training hours/week | 24 ± 4.5 | 24.5 ± 3.9 | 0.71 |
Missed training days | 18.5 ± 3.4 | 19 ± 6 | 0.76 |
Non-COVID Swimmers (n = 32) | COVID Swimmers (n = 14) | 2019 vs. 2019 | 2021 vs. 2021 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2021 | p | 2019 | 2021 | p | p | p | ||
Ejection fraction (%) | M | 55.8 ± 2.1 | 58.8 ± 4.1 | 0.02 * | 59.7 ± 8.0 | 59.3 ± 4.8 | 0.93 | 0.1 | 0.81 |
F | 59.1 ± 2.6 | 60.0 ± 3.3 | 0.48 | 56.9 ± 3.3 | 60.0 ± 4.7 | 0.17 | 0.097 | 1 | |
Septal wall thickness (mm) | M | 11 ± 1.2 | 10.8 ± 1.1 | 0.62 | 11.3 ± 2.5 | 11.4 ± 1.3 | 0.94 | 0.72 | 0.25 |
F | 9.2 ± 0.8 | 9.2 ± 1.3 | 0.97 | 9.9 ± 0.9 | 10.1 ± 0.7 | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.15 | |
Posterior wall thickness (mm) | M | 9.6 ± 0.99 | 10.7 ± 1.1 | 0.009 * | 9 ± 0 | 10 (10–11) | 0.002 ** | 0.32 | 0.36 |
F | 8.4 ± 0.85 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 0.003 * | 8.4 ± 1 | 11 ± 1.4 | 0.002 ** | 1 | 0.12 | |
LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) | M | 55.7 ± 4.1 | 51.4 ± 2.9 | 0.003 * | 54.7 ± 4.7 | 50.1 ± 3.5 | 0.14 | 0.71 | 0.02 * |
F | 48.4 ± 2.3 | 44.4 ± 2.8 | 0.001 * | 49 ± 2.5 | 46.4 ± 2 | 0.046 * | 0.48 | 0.12 | |
RV diameter (mm) | M | 35.5 ± 3.3 | 37.9 ± 3.2 | 0.06 | 35.3 ± 4.2 | 39 (38–41) | 0.24 | 0.93 | 0.20 |
F | 31.8 ± 4 | 34.6 ± 4.4 | 0.11 | 32.9 ± 3 | 37.6 ± 2.3 | 0.006 * | 0.54 | 0.12 |
Non-COVID Swimmers (n = 32) | Covid Swimmers (n = 14) | 2019 vs. 2019 | 2021 vs. 2021 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 2021 | p | 2019 | 2021 | p | p | p | ||
Resting HR (bpm) | 68.4 ± 13.4 | 62.0 ± 11 | 0.06 | 69.0 ± 15 | 72.4 ± 17 | 0.61 | 0.90 | 0.024 * | |
Peak HR (bpm) | 190.0 ± 10.3 | 190.5 ± 11.5 | 0.88 | 191.2 ± 9.1 | 188.0 ± 11 | 0.44 | 0.74 | 0.53 | |
HR recovery (1/min) | 32.3 ± 10.8 | 22.0 (20.0–32.0) | 0.03 * | 33.1 ± 13.9 | 23.5 (19.7–31.2) | 0.32 | 0.85 | 0.78 | |
RER | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 1.17 ± 0.08 | 0.28 | 1.15 ± 0.07 | 1.17 ± 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.81 | 0.94 | |
Treadmill time (min) | M | 16.0 (13.0–16.5) | 14.5 ± 2.7 | 0.12 | 14.5 ± 1.3 | 15.0 (13.7–15.0) | 1.0 | 0.73 | 0.40 |
F | 13.2 ± 2.8 | 12.9 ± 1.6 | 0.80 | 14.4 ± 2.0 | 13.5 ± 2.0 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.55 | |
Max load (Watt) | M | 432.6 ± 74.0 | 402.9 ± 60.8 | 0.25 | 464.3 ± 25.8 | 458.0 ± 31.0 | 0.75 | 0.42 | 0.052 |
F | 294.0 ± 50.4 | 270.4 ± 41.3 | 0.32 | 311.4 ± 61.7 | 283.3 ± 41.5 | 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.59 | |
VO2 max (L/min) | M | 4.7 (4.5–5) | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 0.89 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 0.14 | 0.89 | 0.08 |
F | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 0.48 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 0.82 | 0.10 | 0.47 | |
VO2 max (mL/min/kg) | M | 56.7 ± 4.7 | 55.5 ± 4.5 | 0.49 | 55 ± 3.8 | 56.5 ± 4.9 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.20 |
F | 49.6 ± 3 | 50.7 ± 2.6 | 0.47 | 53.1 ± 5.5 | 52.9 ± 4.1 | 0.97 | 0.12 | 0.76 | |
O2 pulse (mL/bpm) | M | 25.0 ± 1.9 | 24.0 ± 1.8 | 0.23 | 25.6 ± 2.1 | 26.4 ± 2.4 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.03 * |
F | 15.0 (13.7–17.9) | 16.2 ± 2.1 | 0.64 | 17.8 ± 2.8 | 18.2 ± 2.7 | 0.82 | 0.06 | 0.18 | |
VE (L/min) | M | 158.0 ± 33.0 | 159.0 ± 31.5 | 0.95 | 153.0 ± 9.5 | 178.0 ± 16.6 | 0.03 * | 0.74 | 0.19 |
F | 114.0 ± 17.0 | 109.0 ± 25.0 | 0.64 | 118.0 ± 10.4 | 111.0 ± 12.4 | 0.28 | 0.60 | 0.90 | |
VE/VCO2 | M | 25.0 ± 2.2 | 29.4 ± 3.9 | 0.70 | 28.5 ± 2.2 | 28.9 ± 3.5 | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.78 |
F | 32.9 ± 2 | 31.0 ± 2.9 | 0.12 | 31.5 ± 2.2 | 30.2 ± 1.6 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.58 | |
Peak lactate (mmol/L) | M | 7.6 ± 2.5 | 7.8 ± 3.1 | 0.88 | 9.7 ± 4.1 | 9.5 ± 2.1 | 0.95 | 0.22 | 0.23 |
F | 8.5 ± 2.5 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | 0.58 | 8.4 ± 1.9 | 6.6 ± 1.7 | 0.09 | 0.99 | 0.04 |
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Csulak, E.; Petrov, Á.; Kováts, T.; Tokodi, M.; Lakatos, B.; Kovács, A.; Staub, L.; Suhai, F.I.; Szabó, E.L.; Dohy, Z.; et al. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Preparation for the Tokyo Olympics: A Comprehensive Performance Assessment of Top Swimmers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189770
Csulak E, Petrov Á, Kováts T, Tokodi M, Lakatos B, Kovács A, Staub L, Suhai FI, Szabó EL, Dohy Z, et al. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Preparation for the Tokyo Olympics: A Comprehensive Performance Assessment of Top Swimmers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189770
Chicago/Turabian StyleCsulak, Emese, Árpád Petrov, Tímea Kováts, Márton Tokodi, Bálint Lakatos, Attila Kovács, Levente Staub, Ferenc Imre Suhai, Erzsébet Liliána Szabó, Zsófia Dohy, and et al. 2021. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Preparation for the Tokyo Olympics: A Comprehensive Performance Assessment of Top Swimmers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189770