College Satisfaction, Sense of Achievement, Student Happiness and Sense of Belonging of Freshmen in Chinese Private Colleges: Mediation Effect of Emotion Regulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
2.1. Antecedents of Sense of Belonging in Learning
2.2. Emotion Regulation
2.3. Conceptual Model and Hypothesis
3. Methods
3.1. Sample
3.2. Instruments
3.2.1. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
3.2.2. Learning Experience Questionnaire
3.2.3. Sense of Belonging
3.2.4. College Satisfaction
3.2.5. Sense of Achievement
3.2.6. Student Happiness
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Measurement Model Assessment
4.2. Structural Model Assessment
5. Discussion
5.1. The Effect of College Satisfaction
5.2. The Effect of Sense of Achievement
5.3. The Effect of Student Happiness
5.4. Emotion Regulation and Sense of Belonging
6. Conclusions
7. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Latent Variables | Items | Outer Loading | AVE | CR | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
College Satisfaction | LEQ5 | 0.885 | 0.788 | 0.937 | 0.911 |
LEQ6 | 0.867 | ||||
LEQ7 | 0.893 | ||||
LEQ8 | 0.907 | ||||
Sense of Achievement | LEQ9 | 0.928 | 0.851 | 0.920 | 0.825 |
LEQ10 | 0.918 | ||||
Student Happiness | LEQ13 | 0.840 | 0.771 | 0.910 | 0.851 |
LEQ15 | 0.903 | ||||
LEQ16 | 0.890 | ||||
Emotion Regulation | ERQ18 | 0.881 | 0.806 | 0.926 | 0.879 |
ERQ19 | 0.905 | ||||
ERQ20 | 0.906 | ||||
Sense of Belonging | LEQ1 | 0.909 | 0.838 | 0.912 | 0.807 |
LEQ2 | 0.922 |
CS | SA | SH | ER | SB | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
College Satisfaction (CS) | 0.888 | ||||
Sense of Achievement (SA) | 0.726 | 0.923 | |||
Student Happiness (SH) | 0.605 | 0.709 | 0.709 | ||
Emotion Regulation (ER) | 0.460 | 0.517 | 0.532 | 0.898 | |
Sense of Belonging (SB) | 0.669 | 0.618 | 0.637 | 0.548 | 0.910 |
Hypothesis Pathway | Path Coefficient | T-Value | Result |
---|---|---|---|
H1a: college satisfaction → sense of belonging | 0.379 | 18.081 *** | Supported |
H1b: college satisfaction → emotion regulation | 0.120 | 5.265 *** | Supported |
H2a: sense of achievement → sense of belonging | 0.049 | 1.907 | Not supported |
H2b: sense of achievement → emotion regulation | 0.209 | 7.085 *** | Supported |
H3a: student happiness → sense of belonging | 0.262 | 12.513 *** | Supported |
H3b: student happiness → emotion regulation | 0.312 | 12.733 *** | Supported |
H4: emotion regulation → sense of belonging | 0.209 | 12.114 *** | Supported |
Hypothesis Pathway | Path Coefficient | T-Value | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Total Effects | |||
college satisfaction → sense of belonging | 0.405 | 18.564 *** | - |
sense of achievement → sense of belonging | 0.092 | 3.426 ** | - |
student happiness → sense of belonging | 0.327 | 15.324 *** | - |
Indirect effects | |||
H1c: college satisfaction → emotion regulation → sense of belonging | 0.025 | 4.847 *** | Supported |
H2c: sense of achievement → emotion regulation → sense of belonging | 0.044 | 5.871 *** | Supported |
H3c: student happiness → emotion regulation → sense of belonging | 0.065 | 8.982 *** | Supported |
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Tian, J.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, H.; Wu, J. College Satisfaction, Sense of Achievement, Student Happiness and Sense of Belonging of Freshmen in Chinese Private Colleges: Mediation Effect of Emotion Regulation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211736
Tian J, Zhang M, Zhou H, Wu J. College Satisfaction, Sense of Achievement, Student Happiness and Sense of Belonging of Freshmen in Chinese Private Colleges: Mediation Effect of Emotion Regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211736
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Jing, Mohan Zhang, Haitao Zhou, and Jianfen Wu. 2021. "College Satisfaction, Sense of Achievement, Student Happiness and Sense of Belonging of Freshmen in Chinese Private Colleges: Mediation Effect of Emotion Regulation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211736