Paving the Way for Outdoor Play: Examining Socio-Environmental Barriers to Community-Based Outdoor Play
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Factors Influencing Time Outdoors and Independent Mobility
1.2. The Impact of Neighborhood Perceptions and Conditions on Outdoor Play
1.3. Time Available for Unstructured, Unsupervised Activities
1.4. Limitations of Outdoor Play Research to Date
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Dependent Variable
2.2.2. Independent Variables: Factors That May Impact Time in Outdoor Play
Demographic Characteristics (Model 1)
Time Available for Outdoor Free Play (Model 2)
Children’s License for Community Play and Mobility (Model 3)
Socio-environmental Supports for Outdoor Play (Model 4)
Child and Parent Attitudes towards Outdoor Play (Model 5)
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Demographic Characteristics (Model 1)
3.3. Time Available for Outdoor Free Play (Model 2)
3.4. Children’s License for Community Play and Mobility (Model 3)
3.5. Socio-Environmental Supports for Outdoor Play (Model 4)
3.6. Child and Parent Attitudes towards Outdoor Play (Model 5)
4. Discussion
4.1. The Influential Role of Child Age and Gender
4.2. Neighborhood Type and Other Child and Household Demographics
4.3. Time Available for Outdoor Play
4.4. Permission for Unsupervised Outdoor and Community Activity
4.5. Neighborhood Social and Environmental Conditions
4.6. Children’s Perceptions of Outdoor Play
4.7. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Child-parent dyads | 826 | ||
Gender | Girls | 404 | 48.9% |
Boys | 422 | 51.1% | |
Grade | Gr. 6 | 317 | 38.4% |
Gr. 7 | 275 | 33.3% | |
Gr. 8 | 234 | 28.3% | |
Neighborhood Type | Urban | 258 | 31.2% |
Suburban | 212 | 25.7% | |
Rural | 356 | 43.1% | |
Household Income per Year | Less than USD 60,000 | 169 | 20.5% |
USD 60,000 to 100,000 | 164 | 19.9% | |
More than USD 100,000 | 284 | 34.4% | |
Prefer not to answer | 145 | 17.6% | |
Missing | 64 | 7.7% | |
Parent Education | High school or less | 107 | 13.0% |
College diploma or some university | 336 | 40.7% | |
University degree | 366 | 44.3% | |
Missing | 17 | 2.1% | |
Child Immigrant Status | Born in Canada | 675 | 81.7% |
Immigrant to Canada | 147 | 17.8% | |
Parent Immigrant Status | Born in Canada | 617 | 74.7% |
Immigrant to Canada | 195 | 23.6% | |
Missing | 14 | 1.7% | |
Child Ethnicity | Identified as White/Caucasian | 567 | 68.6% |
Identified as a least one Non-White/Caucasian ethnicity | 230 | 27.8% | |
Missing | 29 | 3.5% | |
No. of Children in Household | 1 | 136 | 16.5% |
2 | 415 | 50.2% | |
3 | 171 | 20.7% | |
4 or more | 76 | 9.2% | |
Missing | 28 | 3.4% |
Outdoor Play (Hours per Week) n = 826 | Indoor Screen Time (Hours per Day) n = 826 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | 7.72 | ||||
n | % | n | % | ||
I don’t play outdoors | 17 | 2.1 | No time | 14 | 1.7 |
1 h or less | 55 | 6.7 | 30 min | 87 | 10.5 |
>1 h to <4 h | 249 | 30.1 | 1 h | 158 | 19.1 |
>4 h to <8 h | 202 | 24.5 | 2 to 3 h | 278 | 33.7 |
>8 h to <14 h | 161 | 19.5 | 4 to 6 h | 175 | 21.2 |
More than 14 h | 122 | 14.8 | 7 or more h | 88 | 10.7 |
Missing | 20 | 2.4 | Missing | 26 | 3.1 |
Proportion meeting > 1 h per day outdoors recommendation | ~34.3% | Proportion exceeding < 2h per day recommendation | 65.5% |
Demographics | Unadjusted Model + | Adjusted Model ++ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Grade | 6 | 317 (38) | 8.4 | 7.6–9.1 | 0.026 * | 8.4 | 7.7–9.0 | 0.046 * |
7 | 275 (33) | 7.3 | 6.5–8.2 | 7.5 | 6.7–8.2 | |||
8 | 234 (28) | 7.0 | 6.2–7.9 | 7.1 | 6.4–7.9 | |||
Gender | Boys | 422 (51) | 8.5 | 7.8–9.2 | <0.001 *** | 8.6 | 8.0–9.2 | <0.001 *** |
Girls | 404 (49) | 6.7 | 6.0–7.4 | 6.8 | 6.3–7.4 | |||
Income per Year | < USD 60,000 | 169 (20) | 7.5 | 6.3–8.7 | 0.234 | 7.1 | 5.9–8.3 | 0.376 |
USD 60–99,999 | 164 (20) | 8.2 | 7.4–8.9 | 8.2 | 7.5–8.8 | |||
USD 100,000+ | 284 (34) | 7.2 | 6.5–7.9 | 7.5 | 6.8–8.2 | |||
Prefer not to answer | 145 (18) | 8.4 | 5.4–11.5 | 7.4 | 3.5–11.3 | |||
Missing | 64 (8) | 7.3 | 6.3–8.3 | 7.4 | 6.5–8.4 | |||
Education | High school or less | 107 (13) | 7.0 | 6.0–8.1 | 0.350 | 7.1 | 6.1–8.0 | 0.391 |
College/Some Univ. | 336 (41) | 8.0 | 7.2–8.9 | 8.0 | 7.3–8.8 | |||
Graduated university | 366 (44) | 7.7 | 6.7–8.8 | 7.8 | 6.8–8.7 | |||
Missing | 17 (2) | 8.5 | 6.9–10.1 | 8.7 | 7.0–10.3 | |||
Neighbor-hood Type | Urban | 258 (31) | 6.8 | 6.0–7.5 | 0.006 ** | 7.0 | 6.2–7.9 | 0.171 |
Suburban | 212 (26) | 7.8 | 7.0–8.7 | 7.9 | 7.1–8.8 | |||
Rural | 356 (43) | 8.4 | 7.7–9.0 | 8.1 | 7.4–8.8 | |||
Ethnicity | White | 567 (69) | 8.1 | 7.5–8.7 | 0.018 * | 8.0 | 7.4–8.5 | 0.389 |
Non-White | 230 (28) | 6.7 | 5.9–7.6 | 7.2 | 6.2–8.2 | |||
Missing | 29 (4) | 7.1 | 4.8–9.3 | 7.2 | 4.9–9.4 | |||
Child Immigrant Status | Born in Canada | 675 (82) | 8.0 | 7.5–8.5 | 0.002 ** | 7.9 | 7.4–8.4 | 0.127 |
Immigrant to Canada | 147 (18) | 6.2 | 5.2–7.2 | 6.8 | 5.6–8.1 | |||
Parent Immigrant Status | Born in Canada | 617 (75) | 7.9 | 7.4–8.5 | 0.069 | 7.7 | 7.1–8.2 | 0.843 |
Immigrant to Canada | 195 (24) | 6.8 | 5.9–7.7 | 7.8 | 6.7–8.9 | |||
Missing | 14 (2) | 9.0 | 5.6–12.3 | 8.8 | 5.1–12.5 | |||
Number of children in the household | 1 | 136 (16) | 7.7 | 6.6–8.8 | 0.499 | 7.9 | 6.9–8.9 | 0.242 |
2 | 415 (50) | 7.4 | 6.7–8.1 | 7.5 | 6.9–8.1 | |||
3 | 171 (21) | 7.5 | 6.5–8.5 | 7.5 | 6.6–8.4 | |||
4 to 8 | 76 (9) | 8.7 | 7.3–10.2 | 9.2 | 7.9–10.6 | |||
Missing | 28 (3) | 8.2 | 5.9–10.6 | 7.9 | 5.1–10.6 |
Unadjusted Model + | Adjusted Model ++ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Too busy with sports | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 454 (56) | 7.7 | 7.0–8.4 | 0.902 | 8.0 | 7.4–8.5 | 0.35 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 217 (27) | 7.5 | 6.6–8.4 | 7.2 | 6.5–8.0 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 147 (18) | 7.6 | 6.5–8.7 | 7.5 | 6.5–8.5 | |||
Too busy with clubs | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 677 (82) | 8.1 | 7.5–8.6 | <0.001 *** | 7.9 | 7.4–8.3 | 0.312 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 92 (11) | 5.8 | 4.5–7.1 | 7.0 | 5.8–8.2 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 40 (5) | 5.5 | 3.6–7.4 | 6.4 | 4.6–8.3 | |||
Missing | 17 (2) | 6.7 | 3.8–9.7 | 7.0 | 3.7–10.2 | |||
Too busy with chores | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 621 (76) | 7.9 | 7.3–8.5 | 0.104 | 7.7 | 7.2–8.1 | 0.734 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 137 (17) | 7.0 | 5.9–8.0 | 7.5 | 6.5–8.5 | |||
Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 621 (76) | 7.9 | 7.3–8.5 | 0.104 | 7.7 | 7.2–8.1 | 0.734 | |
Too busy on screens | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 411 (50) | 9.6 | 9.0–10.3 | <0.001 *** | 9.5 | 8.9–10.0 | <0.001 *** |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 218 (26) | 6.8 | 6.0–7.7 | 7.0 | 6.2–7.7 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 186 (23) | 4.5 | 3.6–5.4 | 4.6 | 3.7–5.5 | |||
Missing | 11 (1) | 6.7 | 3.3–10.1 | 4.7 | 0.2–9.1 | |||
Days per week in organized physical activities | Never | 164 (20) | 5.7 | 4.7–6.7 | <0.001 *** | 6.0 | 5.1–7.0 | <0.001 *** |
< once a week | 51 (6) | 6.8 | 5.2–8.6 | 7.3 | 5.7–8.9 | |||
1–3 times a week | 365 (44) | 7.5 | 6.8–8.2 | 7.5 | 6.9–8.0 | |||
4 or more times a week | 231 (28) | 9.6 | 8.7–10.5 | 9.4 | 8.6–10.2 | |||
Missing | 15 (2) | 7.3 | 4.1–10.6 | 5.5 | 2.0–8.9 | |||
Daily indoor screen/digital time | None | 14 (2) | 6.9 | 3.7–10.1 | 0.002 ** | 5.6 | 2.5–8.6 | 0.178 |
1/2 h/day | 87 (11) | 10.0 | 8.7–11.4 | 8.6 | 7.4–9.9 | |||
1 h/day | 158 (19) | 8.2 | 7.1–9.2 | 7.4 | 6.5–8.3 | |||
2–3 h/day | 278 (34) | 7.3 | 6.5–8.1 | 7.2 | 6.5–7.9 | |||
4–6 h/day | 175 (21) | 7.3 | 6.4–8.3 | 8.0 | 7.1–8.8 | |||
7+ h/day | 88 (11) | 6.3 | 5.0–7.6 | 8.1 | 6.8–9.3 | |||
Missing | 26 (3) | 8.3 | 5.8–10.7 | 9.4 | 6.8–11.9 |
Unadjusted Model + | Adjusted Model ++ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Not Allowed to Travel Beyond Home w/o Adult | No | 705 (85) | 8.1 | 7.5–8.7 | <0.001 *** | 7.9 | 7.5–8.4 | 0.002 ** |
Yes | 121 (15) | 5.2 | 4.1–6.4 | 6.0 | 4.9–7.1 | |||
Not Allowed to Play Far From Home w/o Adult | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 456 (56) | 8.8 | 8.2–9.4 | <0.001 *** | 8.6 | 8.1–9.2 | <0.001 *** |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 188 (23) | 6.4 | 5.5–7.3 | 6.5 | 5.6–7.3 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 172 (21) | 6.0 | 5.0–6.9 | 6.3 | 5.4–7.3 | |||
Allowed to Cross Main Roads w/o adult | No | 163 (20) | 6.8 | 5.8–7.8 | 0.147 | 7.7 | 6.7–8.7 | 0.894 |
Yes | 647 (78) | 7.9 | 7.3–8.5 | 7.7 | 7.2–8.2 | |||
Missing | 16 (2) | 7.9 | 4.5–11.2 | 6.9 | 3.6–10.2 | |||
Child Has Cell Phone | No | 323 (40) | 7.4 | 6.6–8.2 | 0.387 | 7.5 | 6.8–8.2 | 0.511 |
Yes | 494 (60) | 7.8 | 7.1–8.4 | 7.8 | 7.3–8.3 | |||
Parents Encourage OP | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 47 (6) | 7.2 | 5.4–9.0 | 0.250 | 7.7 | 6.0–9.5 | 0.583 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 127 (15) | 7.4 | 6.3–8.5 | 7.8 | 6.7–8.8 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 636 (77) | 7.8 | 7.2–8.4 | 7.7 | 7.2–8.2 | |||
Missing | 16 (2) | 4.8 | 1.7–8.0 | 5.3 | 2.0–8.7 | |||
Parent: Parental attitude towards level of children supervision (scale 0–100) ^ | 814 (100) | 0.002 | −0.04–0.05 | 0.916 | 0.04 | −0.01–0.09 | 0.114 |
Unadjusted Model + | Adjusted Model ++ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Avail. of outdoor space at home | No | 53 (6) | 5.0 | 3.4–6.7 | 0.001 ** | 6.6 | 4.7–8.4 | 0.177 |
Yes | 772 (94) | 7.9 | 7.3–8.4 | 7.9 | 7.4–8.3 | |||
Neighborhood Traffic Limits OP | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 640 (78) | 8.1 | 7.6–8.7 | <0.001 *** | 8.0 | 7.6–8.5 | 0.164 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 128 (16) | 6.2 | 5.1–7.3 | 6.9 | 5.8–8.0 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 54 (7) | 5.6 | 4.0–7.3 | 7.0 | 5.2–8.8 | |||
Kids in the neighborhood to play with | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 299 (37) | 6.8 | 6.0–7.6 | <0.001 *** | 7.1 | 6.4–7.8 | 0.005 ** |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 163 (20) | 6.8 | 5.8–7.8 | 7.2 | 6.3–8.1 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 356 (44) | 8.8 | 8.1–9.6 | 8.6 | 8.0–9.2 | |||
Neighborhood Traffic Limits Mobility | Strongly Disagree/ Disagree | 591 (72) | 7.9 | 7.2–8.5 | 0.407 | 7.6 | 7.1–8.1 | 0.704 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 143 (17) | 7.3 | 6.3–8.4 | 8.1 | 7.0–9.1 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 78 (9) | 6.9 | 5.5–8.3 | 8.4 | 7.0–9.8 | |||
Missing | 14 (2) | 6.3 | 3.0–9.6 | 9.6 | 1.5–17.8 | |||
Feel Safe Crossing Local Streets | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 44 (5) | 8.2 | 6.3–10.1 | 0.112 | 9.5 | 7.5–11.5 | 0.379 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 93 (11) | 6.4 | 5.1–7.7 | 7.6 | 6.3–8.9 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 670 (81) | 7.8 | 7.2–8.4 | 7.7 | 7.3–8.2 | |||
Missing | 19 (2) | 5.9 | 3.2–8.7 | 8.0 | 3.6–12.4 | |||
Parent: Neighborhood Safe for Kids During the Day | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 14 (2) | 5.8 | 2.6–9.0 | 0.083 | 8.6 | 5.2–12.1 | 0.763 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 46 (6) | 6.0 | 4.2–7.8 | 7.3 | 5.4–9.1 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 760 (93) | 7.8 | 7.2–8.4 | 7.8 | 7.4–8.2 | |||
Parent: Neighborhood Has Good Places for Play | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 67 (8) | 7.8 | 6.3–9.4 | <0.001 *** | 8.3 | 6.8–9.9 | 0.017 * |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 70 (9) | 4.8 | 3.3–6.2 | 5.8 | 4.3–7.2 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 682 (83) | 7.9 | 7.3–8.5 | 7.9 | 7.5–8.4 | |||
Child Perceived Neighbourhood Crime ^ | 790 | −0.16 | −0.26–−0.06 | 0.002 ** | −0.11 | −0.22- 0.01 | 0.062 | |
Parent: Perception of Neighbourhood Cohesion ^ | 799 | 0.22 | 0.11–0.32 | <0.001 *** | 0.13 | 0.02- 0.25 | 0.027 * |
Unadjusted Model + | Adjusted Model ++ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | Mean | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
Playing outside is fun and exciting | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 38 (5) | 2.9 | 0.9–4.8 | <0.001 *** | 7.0 | 4.8–9.2 | 0.672 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 95 (12) | 4.6 | 3.4–5.8 | 7.4 | 6.1–8.7 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 690 (84) | 8.4 | 7.8–8.9 | 7.9 | 7.5–8.3 | |||
I don’t like to play outside | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 668 (82) | 8.6 | 8.1–9.2 | <0.001 *** | 8.1 | 7.6–8.5 | 0.046 * |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 86 (11) | 4.3 | 3.0–5.6 | 6.2 | 4.9–7.5 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 65 (8) | 3.1 | 1.7–4.6 | 7.0 | 5.2–8.9 | |||
I don’t like to play outside because it is boring | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 630 (77) | 8.7 | 8.1–9.3 | <0.001 *** | 8.1 | 7.6–8.5 | 0.159 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 118 (14) | 5.0 | 3.9–6.1 | 7.0 | 5.9–8.1 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 71 (9) | 3.1 | 1.7–4.5 | 6.5 | 4.7–8.3 | |||
I don’t like to play outside because it is too dirty | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 720 (87) | 8.0 | 7.4–8.5 | 0.001 *** | 7.7 | 7.3–8.1 | 0.894 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 67 (8) | 5.7 | 4.2–7.2 | 8.1 | 6.7–9.5 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 28 (3) | 4.4 | 2.2–6.7 | 8.5 | 6.2–10.9 | |||
Missing | 11 (1) | 8.0 | 4.4–11.6 | 8.1 | 3.8–12.5 | |||
I don’t like to play outside because I will get too hot/sweaty | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 637 (78) | 8.5 | 8.0–9.0 | <0.001 *** | 8.0 | 7.6–8.4 | 0.160 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 126 (15) | 5.4 | 4.3–6.5 | 6.8 | 5.7–7.9 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 55 (7) | 4.0 | 2.4–5.6 | 7.5 | 5.8–9.3 | |||
I don’t like to play outside because I will get too cold | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 565 (69) | 8.5 | 7.9–9.1 | <0.001 *** | 7.8 | 7.3–8.3 | 0.995 |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 172 (21) | 6.6 | 5.7–7.6 | 7.8 | 6.9–8.7 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 84 (10) | 4.7 | 3.4–6.0 | 7.8 | 6.5–9.2 | |||
I don’t like to play outside because there are better things to do inside | Strongly Disagree/Disagree | 426 (52) | 9.8 | 9.2–10.4 | <0.001 *** | 8.8 | 8.2–9.4 | <0.001 *** |
Neither Agree or Disagree | 153 (31) | 6.4 | 5.6–7.1 | 6.7 | 6.0–7.4 | |||
Strongly Agree/Agree | 241 (17) | 3.9 | 2.9–4.8 | 6.7 | 5.4–8.0 | |||
Parent: Parent attitudes towards playing outdoors (PACOR) ^ | 802 | 0.1 | 0.1 | <0.001 *** | 0.03 | −0.02–0.07 | 0.205 | |
Child Perceived Benefits of Outdoor Play (ATOP) ^ | 805 | 2.8 | 2.8 | <0.001 *** | 1.18 | 0.44–1.92 | 0.002 ** | |
Child Perceived Fears of Outdoor Play (ATOP) ^ | 803 | −1.8 | −1.8 | <0.001 *** | −0.96 | −1.54–−0.39 | 0.001 ** |
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Loebach, J.; Sanches, M.; Jaffe, J.; Elton-Marshall, T. Paving the Way for Outdoor Play: Examining Socio-Environmental Barriers to Community-Based Outdoor Play. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073617
Loebach J, Sanches M, Jaffe J, Elton-Marshall T. Paving the Way for Outdoor Play: Examining Socio-Environmental Barriers to Community-Based Outdoor Play. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073617
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoebach, Janet, Marcos Sanches, Julia Jaffe, and Tara Elton-Marshall. 2021. "Paving the Way for Outdoor Play: Examining Socio-Environmental Barriers to Community-Based Outdoor Play" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073617