Changes in Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Intake during Four Years of University—A Follow-Up Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient | T1 | T2 | T3 |
---|---|---|---|
Total energy intake (kcal·d−1) | 2255 ± 1108 [1891–2619] | 1896 ± 1140.9 a [1521–2271] | 1900 ± 845 a [1622–2178] |
Male (n = 14) | 3200 ± 1077 * [2578–3821] | 2671 ± 1506 * [1801–3540] | 2439 ± 1062 * [1826–3052] |
Female (n = 24) | 1704 ± 678 [1418–1991] | 1444 ± 482 a [1240–1648] | 1586 ± 480 a [1383–1788] |
Fat intake (g·d−1) | 92.2 ± 47.4 [76.6–107.8] | 78.8 ± 47.2 [63.2–94.3] | 80.1 ± 37.0 [67.9–92.2] |
Male (n = 14) | 135.6 ± 43.1 * [110.7–160.5] | 113.6 ± 57.1 * [80.6–146.6] | 104.3 ± 43.3 a* [79.3–129.3] |
Female (n = 24) | 66.9 ± 27.5 [55.3–78.5] | 58.4 ± 23.9 a [48.3–68.5] | 65.9 ± 24.0 [55.8–76.0] |
Protein intake (g·d−1) | 93.2 ± 58.2 [74.0–112.3] | 73.2 ± 52.8 a [55.9–90.6] | 71.9 ± 35.1 a [60.4–83.5] |
Male (n = 14) | 144.2 ± 61.9 * [108.5–180.0] | 113.0 ± 68.7 * [73.3–152.8] | 97.0 ± 41.2 a* [73.2–120.8] |
Female (n = 24) | 63.4 ± 27.7 [51.6–75.1] | 50.0 ± 16.9 a [42.9–57.1] | 63.4 ± 27.7 [48.6–65.9] |
Carbohydrate intake (g·d−1) | 264.3 ± 117.1 [225.8–302.7] | 219.5 ± 137.6 a [174.3–264.7] | 217.8 ± 101.5 a [184.4–251.1] |
Male (n = 14) | 347.5 ± 116.5 * [280.2–414.7] | 295.1 ± 194.0 * [183.1–407.1] | 272.2 ± 136.6 * [193.3–351.1] |
Females (n = 24) | 215.7 ± 87.9 [178.6–252.8] | 175.4 ± 60.7 a [162.3–201.1] | 186.0 ± 56.2 [162.3–209.8] |
T1 | T2 | T3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Energy Expenditure (kcal·d−1) | 1151 ± 691 [924–1378] | 717 ± 779 a [461–973] | 925 ± 626 b [720–1131] |
Male (n = 14) | 1519 ± 717 * [1105–1933] | 1256 ± 1039 * [656–1376] | 1246 ± 582 * [910–1582] |
Female (n = 24) | 937 ± 588 [688–1185] | 402 ± 293 [278–526] | 738 ± 583 [492–984] |
LPA (min·d−1) | 111.8 ± 86.2 [83.4–140.1] | 51.2 ± 52.9 a [33.8–68.6] | 84.5 ± 54.3 b [66.7–102.3] |
Male (n = 14) | 84.1 ± 72.0 [42.6–125.7] | 64.9 ± 77.1 [20.4–109.5] | 80.8 ± 40.6 [57.4–104.3] |
Female (n = 24) | 127.9 ± 91.1 [89.4–166.4] | 43.2 ± 31.0 [30.2–56.3] | 86.6 ± 61.6 [60.6–112.6] |
MPA (min·d−1) | 75.2 ± 70.5 [52.1–98.4] | 32.4 ± 48.5 a [16.4–48.3] | 36.0 ± 47.9 a [20.2–51.7] |
Male (n = 14) | 64.6 ± 58.8 [30.6–98.6] | 52.3 ± 66.1 [14.1–90.5] | 25.7 ± 25.5 [11.0–40.5] |
Female (n = 24) | 81.4 ± 77.0 [48.9–113.9] | 20.7 ± 30.4 [7.9–33.6] | 41.9 ± 56.8 [18.0–65.9] |
VPA (min·d−1) | 55.4 ± 56.3 [36.9–73.9] | 40.3 ± 43.7 [26.0–54.7] | 49.6 ± 45.9 [34.5–64.6] |
Male (n = 14) | 91.4 ± 65.2 * [53.8–129.1] | 66.2 ± 56.5 * [33.6–98.8] | 74.0 ± 41.4 * [50.0–97.9] |
Females (n = 24) | 34.3 ± 38.0 [18.3–50.3] | 25.2 ± 24.8 [14.7–35.7] | 35.3 ± 42.9 [17.2–53.4] |
MET min | 929 ± 503 [763–1094] | 521 ± 481 a [363–679] | 685 ± 409 a,b [551–820] |
Male (n = 14) | 1071 ± 529 [765–1376] | 805 ± 635 * [438–1172] | 801 ± 323 [615–988] |
Females (n = 24) | 846 ± 478 [644–1048] | 356 ± 258 [246–465] | 618 ± 444 [430–805] |
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Olansky, S.; Beaudry, K.M.; Woods, S.; Barbour-Tuck, E.; Gammage, K.L.; Klentrou, P.; Josse, A.R. Changes in Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Intake during Four Years of University—A Follow-Up Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083990
Olansky S, Beaudry KM, Woods S, Barbour-Tuck E, Gammage KL, Klentrou P, Josse AR. Changes in Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Intake during Four Years of University—A Follow-Up Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):3990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083990
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlansky, Shai, Kayleigh M. Beaudry, Stacey Woods, Erin Barbour-Tuck, Kimberley L. Gammage, Panagiota Klentrou, and Andrea R. Josse. 2021. "Changes in Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Intake during Four Years of University—A Follow-Up Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083990