Suicide Thoughts and Attempts in the Norwegian General Population during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Aim
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Variables
2.3.2. Suicide Thoughts and Attempts
2.3.3. Alcohol Use
2.3.4. Problems Related to the Pandemic
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Factors Associated with Current Suicide Thoughts
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Results
4.2. Suicide Thoughts and Attempts
4.3. Factors Associated with Suicide Thoughts
4.4. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total Sample | Suicide Thoughts | Suicide Attempts | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Last Month | Previously | Last Month | Previously | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
All | 4527 (100.0) | 161 (3.6) | 479 (10.6) | 7 (0.2) | 153 (3.4) |
Age group | |||||
18–29 | 1156 (25.5) | 71 (6.1) | 193 (16.7) | 4 (0.3) | 63 (5.4) |
30–39 | 1220 (26.9) | 48 (3.9) | 146 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 43 (3.5) |
40–49 | 931 (20.6) | 19 (2.0) | 79 (8.5) | 2 (0.2) | 18 (1.9) |
50–59 | 766 (16.9) | 16 (2.1) | 47 (6.1) | 1 (0.1) | 16 (2.1) |
60–69 | 354 (7.8) | 7 (2.0) | 10 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (3.1) |
70 or above | 100 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.0) |
Gender a | |||||
Male | 659 (14.6) | 17 (2.6) | 57 (8.6) | 2 (0.3) | 14 (2.1) |
Female | 3850 (85.0) | 143 (3.7) | 422 (11.0) | 5 (0.1) | 139 (3.6) |
Highest completed education b | |||||
Elementary school | 591 (13.1) | 30 (5.1) | 92 (15.6) | 1 (0.2) | 43 (7.3) |
High school | 514 (11.4) | 32 (6.2) | 72 (14.0) | 3 (0.6) | 32 (6.2) |
Higher education < 4 years | 1376 (30.4) | 55 (4.0) | 147 (10.7) | 1 (0.1) | 38 (2.8) |
Higher education ≥ 4 years | 2041 (45.1) | 44 (2.2) | 168 (8.2) | 2 (0.1) | 40 (2.0) |
Employment | |||||
Employed or in education | 3667 (81.0) | 99 (2.7) | 348 (9.5) | 4 (0.1) | 92 (2.5) |
Not employed and not in education | 860 (19.0) | 62 (7.2) | 131 (15.2) | 3 (0.3) | 61 (7.1) |
Cohabitation status | |||||
Living with spouse or partner | 2714 (60.0) | 44 (1.6) | 265 (14.6) | 2 (0.1) | 53 (2.0) |
Not living with spouse or partner | 1813 (40.0) | 117 (6.5) | 214 (7.9) | 5 (0.3) | 100 (5.5) |
Size of place of residence c | |||||
Rural | 187 (4.1) | 4 (2.1) | 20 (10.7) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (3.2) |
Village | 1141 (25.2) | 34 (3.0) | 123 (10.8) | 3 (0.3) | 37 (3.2) |
Town | 1091 (24.1) | 30 (2.7) | 113 (10.4) | 2 05.2) | 35 (3.2) |
City | 2098 (46.3) | 93 (4.4) | 222 (10.6) | 2 (0.1) | 75 (3.6) |
Independent Variables | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 99%CI | p | OR | 99%CI | p | |
Previous suicide attempt | 15.30 | 9.12–25.66 | <0.001 | 11.93 | 6.93–20.54 | <0.001 |
Higher age group | 0.67 | 0.55–0.80 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.56–0.84 | <0.001 |
Female gender | 1.46 | 0.75–2.85 | 0.15 | 1.26 | 0.61–2.60 | 0.40 |
Daily alcohol use | 2.98 | 1.36–6.50 | <0.001 | 3.31 | 1.40–7.86 | <0.001 |
Risk group | 1.68 | 1.08–2.61 | <0.01 | 2.15 | 1.31–3.52 | <0.001 |
Economic concerns | 3.22 | 2.12–4.89 | <0.001 | 2.28 | 1.45–3.60 | <0.001 |
Quarantine/isolation | 0.95 | 0.60–1.52 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.49–1.31 | 0.25 |
Model Fit | p < 0.001 | |||||
Nagelkerke R2 | 17.4% |
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Bonsaksen, T.; Skogstad, L.; Heir, T.; Ekeberg, Ø.; Schou-Bredal, I.; Grimholt, T.K. Suicide Thoughts and Attempts in the Norwegian General Population during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084102
Bonsaksen T, Skogstad L, Heir T, Ekeberg Ø, Schou-Bredal I, Grimholt TK. Suicide Thoughts and Attempts in the Norwegian General Population during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084102
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonsaksen, Tore, Laila Skogstad, Trond Heir, Øivind Ekeberg, Inger Schou-Bredal, and Tine K. Grimholt. 2021. "Suicide Thoughts and Attempts in the Norwegian General Population during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084102