E-Cigarette Flavors and Frequency of E-Cigarette Use among Adult Dual Users Who Attempt to Quit Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Longitudinal Findings from the PATH Study 2015/16–2016/17
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Regular/Last E-Cigarette Flavor Use and E-Cigarette Device Type Use in 2015/16 and Frequent E-Cigarette Use at Follow-Up in 2016/17
3.2. Past 30-Day E-Cigarette Flavor Use and E-Cigarette Device Type Use in 2015/16 and Frequent E-Cigarette Use at Follow-Up in 2016/17
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Measures in 2015/16 | Categorizations | Questions Used in Categorizations |
---|---|---|
Dual users |
| Respondents were asked: “In the past 30 days, have you smoked a cigarette, even one or two puffs?” “How many cigarettes have you smoked in your entire life? A pack usually has 20 cigarettes in it” and “In the past 30 days, have you used an electronic nicotine product, even one or two times? (Electronic nicotine products include e-cigarettes, vape pens, personal vaporizers and mods, e-cigars, e-pipes, e-hookahs and hookah pens).” |
Frequency of cigarette smoking |
| Dual users were asked: “Do you now smoke cigarettes every day/some days/not at all?” |
Frequency of e-cigarette use |
| Dual users were asked: “Do you now use [e-cigarettes] every day/some days/not at all?” and those who did not use every day were asked: “On how many of the past 30 days did you use [primary e-cigarette product]?” |
Regular/last e-cigarette flavor use |
| Dual users were asked: “What flavor is [your regular brand/the brand you last used]? Choose all that apply.” (Respondents were asked about flavor of regular brand if they had a regular brand; respondents were asked about flavor of brand last used if they did not have a regular brand) Response options were: “tobacco-flavored; menthol or mint; clove or spice; fruit; chocolate; an alcoholic drink (such as wine, cognac, margarita or other cocktails); a non-alcoholic drink (such as coffee, soda, energy drinks, or other beverages); candy, desserts, or other sweets; some other flavor.” |
Past 30-day flavor use |
| Dual users who reported using their primary e-cigarette product on one or more of the past 30 days were asked: “In the past 30 days, which flavors of [primary e-cigarette product] have you used? Choose all that apply.” Response options were the same as above for regular/last flavor use. |
E-cigarette device type use |
| Is your [e-cigarette] rechargeable?; Does your [e-cigarette] use cartridges?; Can you refill your [e-cigarette] with “e-liquid”? |
Measures in 2016/17 | Categorizations | Questions Used in Categorizations |
Attempted to quit cigarette smoking | Attempted to quit: Answered yes to having tried to quit completely in the past 12 months or is currently smoking not at all | Dual users in 2015/16 were asked in 2016/17: “In the past 12 months, have you tried to quit [cigarettes/tobacco] *** completely?” and “Do you now smoke cigarettes every day/some days/not at all?” |
Frequent e-cigarette use | Use on 20+ days in the past 30 days (including daily use) vs. use on less than 20 days in the past 30 days (including no use at all) | Dual users in 2015/16 were asked in 2016/17: “Do you now use [e-cigarettes] every day/some days/not at all?” and those who did not use every day were asked: “On how many of the past 30 days did you use [primary e-cigarette product]?” |
Measures | Frequent E-Cigarette Use in 2016/17 (20+ Days vs. <20 Days in Past 30 Days) | Measures | Frequent E-Cigarette Use in 2016/17 (20+ Days vs. <20 Days in Past 30 Days) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | p | AOR 3 [95% CI] | p | % [95% CI] | OR [95% CI] | p | AOR 6 [95% CI] | p | ||
All adult dual users 1 (n = 685) | 25.5 [22.0, 29.4] | Adult dual users who used primary electronic nicotine product on 1+ days in past 30 days 4 (n = 516) | 29.3 [25.0, 34.0] | ||||||||
Regular/last e-cigarette flavor use in 2015/16 2 | Past 30-day e-cigarette flavor use in 2015/16 5 | ||||||||||
Only tobacco flavor n = 141, 24% (95% CI: 19–28) of users | 19.0 [12.5, 27.7] | ref | ref | Only tobacco flavor n = 86, 20% (95% CI: 15-26) of users | 19.0 [10.9, 31.2] | ref | ref | ||||
Only menthol/mint flavor n = 102, 15% (95% CI: 12–18) of users | 17.4 [11.3, 25.9] | 0.9 [0.4, 1.8] | 0.771 | 1.3 [0.5, 3.2] | 0.560 | Only menthol/mint flavor n = 64, 13% (95% CI: 10–16) of users | 23.6 [14.6, 35.8] | 1.3 [0.5, 3.3] | 0.563 | 2.2 [0.8, 6.3] | 0.150 |
Only non-tobacco, non-menthol/mint flavor(s) n = 373, 51% (95% CI: 46–56) of users | 31.3 [26.5, 36.6] | 1.9 [1.1, 3.4] | 0.021 | 1.4 [0.7, 2.8] | 0.342 | Only non-tobacco, non-menthol/mint flavor(s) n = 281, 50% (95% CI: 44–56) of users | 31.1 [25.9, 36.8] | 1.9 [0.9, 4.0] | 0.079 | 1.3 [0.5, 3.2] | 0.553 |
Any combination of tobacco, menthol/mint, or other flavor(s) n = 69, 11% (95% CI: 8–14) of users | 23.8 [13.0, 39.5] | 1.3 [0.5, 3.4] | 0.539 | 0.8 [0.3, 2.1] | 0.630 | Any combination of tobacco, menthol/mint, or other flavor(s) n = 85, 17% (95% CI: 13–21) of users | 40.5 [27.2, 55.3] | 2.9 [1.2, 7.1] | 0.021 | 1.9 [0.7, 5.1] | 0.222 |
E-cigarette device type use in 2015/16 | E-cigarette device type use in 2015/16 | ||||||||||
Cartridge n = 197, 28% (95% CI: 25–32) of users | 19.4 [12.9, 28.1] | ref | ref | Cartridge n = 151, 28% (95% CI: 24–32) of users | 20.8 [13.1, 31.5] | ref | ref | ||||
Disposable n = 128, 20% (95% CI: 16–24) of users | 9.8 [5.8, 16.2] | 0.5 [0.2, 1.0] | 0.047 | 0.7 [0.3, 1.6] | 0.369 | Disposable n = 71, 15% (95% CI: 12–20) of users | 7.1 † [3.0, 16.0] | 0.3 [0.1, 0.9] | 0.033 | 0.4 [0.1, 1.5] | 0.176 |
Open system n = 342, 50% (95% CI: 45–54) of users | 36.1 [31.0, 41.5] | 2.3 [1.4, 4.0] | 0.003 | 1.5 [0.8, 2.8] | 0.205 | Open system n = 284, 55% (95% CI: 50–61) of users | 39.9 [34.3, 45.8] | 2.5 [1.3, 4.8] | 0.005 | 1.7 [0.8, 3.5] | 0.158 |
Unknown n = 18, 2% (95% CI: 1–4) of users | 7.8 † [1.0, 40.6] | 0.4 [0.0, 5.2] | 0.444 | 0.7 [0.0, 10.0] | 0.772 | Unknown n = 10, 1% (95% CI: 1–3) of users | 23.9 † [5.4, 63.3] | 1.2 [0.2, 9.6] | 0.868 | 2.3 [0.3, 17.9] | 0.415 |
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Kasza, K.A.; Goniewicz, M.L.; Edwards, K.C.; Sawdey, M.D.; Silveira, M.L.; Gravely, S.; Zandberg, I.; Gardner, L.D.; Fong, G.T.; Hyland, A. E-Cigarette Flavors and Frequency of E-Cigarette Use among Adult Dual Users Who Attempt to Quit Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Longitudinal Findings from the PATH Study 2015/16–2016/17. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084373
Kasza KA, Goniewicz ML, Edwards KC, Sawdey MD, Silveira ML, Gravely S, Zandberg I, Gardner LD, Fong GT, Hyland A. E-Cigarette Flavors and Frequency of E-Cigarette Use among Adult Dual Users Who Attempt to Quit Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Longitudinal Findings from the PATH Study 2015/16–2016/17. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084373
Chicago/Turabian StyleKasza, Karin A., Maciej L. Goniewicz, Kathryn C. Edwards, Michael D. Sawdey, Marushka L. Silveira, Shannon Gravely, Izabella Zandberg, Lisa D. Gardner, Geoffrey T. Fong, and Andrew Hyland. 2021. "E-Cigarette Flavors and Frequency of E-Cigarette Use among Adult Dual Users Who Attempt to Quit Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Longitudinal Findings from the PATH Study 2015/16–2016/17" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084373