The Role of Grass Compost and Zea Mays in Alleviating Toxic Effects of Tetracycline on the Soil Bacteria Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Objective
2.2. Experiment Design
2.3. Methods of Laboratory Analyses
2.3.1. Microbiological Analyses
- Count of microorganisms
- DNA isolation
- Amplicon sequencing
- Bioinformatic analysis
2.3.2. Biochemical Analyses
2.3.3. Chemical and Physicochemical Analyses
2.4. Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Response of Zea Mays to Soil Contamination with Tetracycline
3.2. Response of Bacteria to Soil Contamination with Tetracycline
3.3. Response of Oxidoreductases to Soil Contamination with Tetracycline
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Tetracycline and Soil Fertilization on Plants
4.2. Effect of Tetracycline, Fertilization with Compost, and Cultivation of Zea Mays on Soil Bacteria Community
4.3. Effect of Tetracycline, Fertilization with Compost, and Cultivation of Zea Mays on Activities of Soil Oxidoreductases
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Soil Sample Description | Maximum Antibiotics, Concentration, µg kg−1 | References |
---|---|---|---|
city of Shenyan, northeast China | depth of 0–15 cm | 976.17 | [20] |
China, Beijing, | soils from vegetable greenhouses | 74.4 | [21] |
Spain, South surrounding of Valencia | agricultural soils with 20% of clay | 64.4 | [22] |
Korea, Hongcheon, Gangwon province, | paddy and upland soils | 177.6 | [19] |
Spain, NW, Galicia | sand 40%, silt—38%, clay—22% | 600 | [23] |
Germany | 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm soils sand 91.6%, silt—6.0%, clay—2.4% | 86.2; 198.7; 171.7 | [24] |
Poland, areas of Pomeranian Voivodeship | soils from agricultural areas of Pomeranian Voivodeship | 14.5 | [25] |
Abbreviation | Properties | Unit | Soil | Compost | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical and physicochemical properties | |||||
Ntot | total nitrogen | g kg−1 DM | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 20.18 ± 0.86 | [39] |
Corg | organic carbon | 10.00 ± 0.60 | 146.61 ± 6.19 | [40] | |
SOM | soil organic matter | 17.24 ± 1.03 | 252.76 ± 10.67 | [40] | |
P | phosphorus | mg kg−1 DM | 81.10 ± 4.13 | 3.41 ± 0.18 | [41] |
K | potassium | 145.25 ± 7.18 | 9.25 ± 0.24 | [41] | |
Mg | magnesium | 71.00 ± 3.00 | 5.69 ± 0.17 | [42] | |
pH | pHKCl—soil reaction | 1 mol KCl dm−3 | 4.40 ± 0.15 | 6.1 ± 0.15 | [43] |
EBC | sum of exchangeable base cations | mmol (+) kg−1 DM | 63.60 ± 4.50 | 659.76 ± 32.01 | [44] |
HAC | hydrolytic acidity | 26.10 ± 1.92 | 82.04 ± 3.98 | [44] | |
CEC | cation exchange capacity | 89.70 | 741.80 | [44] | |
ACS | alkaline cation saturation | % | 70.90 | 88.94 | [44] |
Exchangeable cations | |||||
K+ | potassium | mg kg−1 DM | 168.00 ± 8.30 | NA | [45] |
Ca++ | calcium | 1190.5 ± 52.70 | NA | [45] | |
Na+ | sodium | 10.00 ± 0.43 | NA | [45] | |
Mg++ | magnesium | 82.10 ± 4.70 | NA | [45] | |
Microorganisms number per 1 kg DM | |||||
Org | organotrophic bacteria | cfu | 36.728 ± 1.986 × 109 | NA | [46] |
Olig | oligotrophic bacteria | 7.740 ± 0.581 × 109 | NA | [47] | |
Cop | copiotrophic bacteria | 11.240 ± 0.127 × 109 | NA | [47] | |
Act | actinomyces | 17.008 ± 0.537 × 109 | NA | [48] | |
Enzymatic activity per 1 kg DM h−1 | |||||
Deh | dehydrogenases | µmol TFF | 4.042 ± 0.136 | NA | [49] |
Cat | catalase | mol O2 | 0.212 ± 0.001 | NA | [50] |
Tc Content (mg kg−1 DM of soil) | Yield, (DM g pot−1) | Zea Mays Development Phase SPAD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shoots | Roots | Together | 4 Leaves | 8 Leaves | |
−G | |||||
0 | 55.33 b ± 0.92 | 13.51 bc ± 0.44 | 68.84 c ± 0.44 | 38.10 a ± 2.74 | 22.62 b ± 4.89 |
100 | 56.49 b ± 1.55 | 14.69 ab ± 0.42 | 71.18 bc ± 0.64 | 38.69 a ± 3.62 | 28.00 a ± 2.36 |
+G | |||||
0 | 60.46 a ± 0.93 | 12.07 c ± 1.44 | 72.53 b ± 1.12 | 34.36 c ± 2.36 | 29.01 a ± 1.54 |
100 | 62.48 a ± 1.03 | 15.83 a ± 0.72 | 78.31 a ± 1.37 | 36.33 b ± 2.61 | 27.48 a ± 1.58 |
The Dose of Grass Compost in g C kg−1 DM Soil | −Zm | +Zm | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis Day | ||||
25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | |
Organotrophic bacteria (Org) | ||||
0 | −0.352 d ± 0.011 | −0.514 e ± 0.046 | −0.122 ab ± 0.007 | −0.123 ab ± 0.014 |
4 | −0.093 ab ± 0.005 | −0.161 bc ± 0.012 | −0.236 c ± 0.025 | −0.061 a ± 0.002 |
Oligotrophic bacteria (Olig) | ||||
0 | −0.262 f ± 0.022 | −0.009 d ± 0.001 | −0.469 g ± 0.027 | −0.052 de ± 0.005 |
4 | −0.102 e ± 0.008 | 0.223 b ± 0.017 | 0.687 a ± 0.029 | 0.134 c ± 0.008 |
Copiotrophic bacteria (Cop) | ||||
0 | 0.214 c–e ± 0.015 | 0.375 bc ± 0.053 | 0.300 cd ± 0.064 | 0.591 a ± 0.007 |
4 | 0.070 e ± 0.006 | 0.388 bc ± 0.051 | 0.139 de ± 0.005 | 0.529 ab ± 0.051 |
Actinomycetes (Act) | ||||
0 | −0.633 c ± 0.060 | −0.265 b ± 0.067 | −0.063 b ± 0.006 | −0.259 b ± 0.016 |
4 | −0.222 ab ± 0.021 | −0.217 ab ± 0.037 | −0.054 a ± 0.005 | −0.118 ab ± 0.53 |
Tc Content (mg kg−1 DM of soil) | −Zm | +Zm | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis Day | ||||
25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | |
Organotrophic bacteria (Org) | ||||
0 | 0.289 c ± 0.060 | 0.150 c–e ± 0.015 | 0.203 cd ± 0.021 | −0.060 f ± 0.014 |
100 | 0.804 b ± 0.083 | 0.988 a ± 0.047 | 0.046 d–f ± 0.004 | 0.005 ef ± 0.002 |
Oligotrophic bacteria (Olig) | ||||
0 | −0.333 e ± 0.029 | −0.118 cd ± 0.019 | −0.353 e ± 0.045 | −0.189 d ± 0.017 |
100 | −0.189 d ± 0.007 | 0.089 b ± 0.023 | 1.057 a ± 0.036 | −0.031 c ± 0.010 |
Copiotrophic bacteria (Cop) | ||||
0 | 0.190 ab ± 0.019 | 0.058 c ± 0.020 | 0.278 a ± 0.033 | 0.074 c ± 0.036 |
100 | 0.049 c ± 0.005 | 0.068 c ± 0.015 | 0.120 ab ± 0.053 | 0.032 c ± 0.021 |
Actinomycetes (Act) | ||||
0 | 1.020 b ± 0.075 | 0.878 bc ± 0.034 | 0.311 d ± 0.029 | 0.528 cd ± 0.078 |
100 | 3.278 a ± 0.374 | 1.000 b ± 0.146 | 0.323 d ± 0.043 | 0.819 bc ± 0.089 |
Tc Content (mg kg−1 DM of Soil) | Microorganisms | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Org | Olig | Cop | Act | |||||
Analysis Day | ||||||||
25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | |
−G | ||||||||
0 | 0.563 e ± 0.049 | 1.405 b ± 0.049 | 0.417 b ± 0.008 | 0.402 b ± 0.019 | 0.071 bc ± 0.007 | 0.027 c ± 0.009 | 1.429 b ± 0.114 | 1.204 ab ± 0.066 |
100 | 1.120 c ± 0.016 | 3.345 a ± 0.069 | 0.018 d ± 0.005 | 0.342 ab ± 0.027 | 0.147 a–c ± 0.057 | 0.188 ab ± 0.022 | 5.194 a ± 0.547 | 1.222 ab ± 0.049 |
+G | ||||||||
0 | 0.459 f ± 0.025 | 0.965 d ± 0.029 | 0.375 ab ± 0.038 | 0.289 ab ± 0.039 | 0.150 a–c ± 0.048 | 0.042 c ± 0.012 | 0.576 c ± 0.095 | 0.793 ab ± 0.093 |
100 | 0.229 g ± 0.039 | 1.198 c ± 0.015 | 1.583 a ± 0.045 | 0.194 cd ± 0.018 | 0.224 a ± 0.028 | 0.148 a–c ± 0.038 | 0.916 ab ± 0.098 | 1.021 ab ± 0.101 |
The Dose of Grass Compost in g C kg−1 DM Soil | −Zm | +Zm | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis Day | ||||
25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | |
Dehydrogenases | ||||
0 | −0.087 b ± 0.016 | −0.040 ab ± 0.008 | −0.074 b ± 0.018 | −0.245 d ± 0.021 |
4 | −0.004 a ± 0.001 | −0.061 ab ± 0.009 | −0.078 b ± 0.016 | −0.170 c ± 0.013 |
Catalase | ||||
0 | −0.042 b ± 0.010 | 0.047 a ± 0.010 | −0.089 c ± 0.014 | 0.051 a ± 0.002 |
4 | 0.016 a ± 0.004 | −0.054 bc ± 0.012 | −0.037 b ± 0.010 | −0.026 b ± 0.004 |
Tc Content (mg kg−1 DM of Soil) | −Zm | +Zm | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis Day | ||||
25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | |
Dehydrogenases | ||||
0 | 0.061 d ± 0.053 | 0.046 d ± 0.005 | 0.043 d ± 0.011 | 0.583 b ± 0.014 |
100 | 0.158 c ± 0.008 | 0.022 d ± 0.033 | 0.038 d ± 0.018 | 0.742 a ± 0.028 |
Catalase | ||||
0 | 0.076 bc ± 0.005 | 0.156 a ± 0.005 | 0.081 bc ± 0.028 | 0.094 b ± 0.005 |
100 | 0.141 a ± 0.015 | 0.045 cd ± 0.013 | 0.141 a ± 0.015 | 0.014 d ± 0.012 |
Tc Content (mg kg−1 DM of Soil) | Dehydrogenases | Catalase | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis Day | ||||
25 | 50 | 25 | 50 | |
−G | ||||
0 | 0.237 ef ± 0.007 | 0.982 c ± 0.055 | 0.051 ab ± 0.003 | 0.078 a ± 0.014 |
100 | 0.254 e ± 0.025 | 0.558 d ± 0.040 | 0.000 c ± 0.003 | 0.082 a ± 0.003 |
+G | ||||
0 | 0.215 ef ± 0.012 | 2.000 a ± 0.026 | 0.055 ab ± 0.007 | 0.020 bc ± 0.003 |
100 | 0.124 f ± 0.019 | 1.654 b ± 0.043 | 0.000 c ± 0.003 | 0.050 ab ± 0.005 |
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Wyszkowska, J.; Borowik, A.; Kucharski, J. The Role of Grass Compost and Zea Mays in Alleviating Toxic Effects of Tetracycline on the Soil Bacteria Community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127357
Wyszkowska J, Borowik A, Kucharski J. The Role of Grass Compost and Zea Mays in Alleviating Toxic Effects of Tetracycline on the Soil Bacteria Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127357
Chicago/Turabian StyleWyszkowska, Jadwiga, Agata Borowik, and Jan Kucharski. 2022. "The Role of Grass Compost and Zea Mays in Alleviating Toxic Effects of Tetracycline on the Soil Bacteria Community" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 7357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127357