Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Driving Forces of Drying Trends on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Geomorphological Division
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.1.1. MODIS Data
3.1.2. Soil Moisture Data
3.1.3. Driving Factors
3.2. Method
3.2.1. TVDI Calculation
3.2.2. Correlation Analysis
3.2.3. Linear Trend Analysis
3.2.4. Random Forest Algorithm
3.2.5. Verification of TVDI
4. Results
4.1. Characteristic of NDVI-LST Feature Space
4.2. Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of TVDI
4.2.1. Spatial Variation Characteristics of TVDI
4.2.2. Temporal Variation Characteristics of TVDI
4.2.3. Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of TVDI Based on Cluster Analysis
4.3. Characteristics of TVDI Drivers
4.3.1. Climate Driven Characteristics of TVDI
4.3.2. Driver Characteristics of TVDI
5. Discussion
5.1. Analysis of NDVI-LST Feature Space
5.2. Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variation Trend of TVDI
5.3. Analysis of Driving Force of TVDI Change
5.3.1. Meteorological Factors
5.3.2. Geomorphological Factors
5.3.3. Accessibility Factors
5.3.4. Land Use Type Factor
5.4. Applications and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Abbreviation | Full Name |
---|---|
TVDI | Temperature-Vegetation Drought Index |
QTP | The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau |
AQM | The high valley areas of Altun–Qilian Mountains |
QHB | The high mountain areas of Qaidam-Yellow River-Huangshui River Basin |
KWKM | The high mountain areas of Karakorum and Western Kunlun Mountain |
CEKM | The high mountain areas of Central and Eastern Kunlun Mountains |
QP | The lake and basin areas of Qiangtang Plateau |
STR | The mountains Sources of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancang River (Three Rivers or Sanjiangyuan) and the valley bottom of the upper reaches of Three Rivers. |
HMLY | The high mountain areas of Himalayan |
HDM | The high mountain and valley areas of Hengduan Mountains |
Appendix B
Geomorphological Division | Area (km2) | Annual Average of TVDI | Annual Average of Temperature (°C) | Annual Precipitation (mm) | Average Elevation (m) | Average Slope (°) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AQM | 182,475.56 | 0.55 | −4.06 | 260.01 | 3768.06 | 5.55 |
QHB | 231,433.86 | 0.66 | 2.18 | 250.69 | 3158.97 | 2.51 |
KWKM | 207,715.72 | 0.55 | −5.62 | 42.70 | 4765.07 | 8.70 |
CEKM | 237,445.70 | 0.54 | −4.40 | 262.23 | 4387.32 | 4.82 |
QP | 511,338.20 | 0.59 | −4.09 | 200.31 | 4988.01 | 2.70 |
STR | 420,819.40 | 0.50 | −3.59 | 513.88 | 4570.68 | 4.23 |
HMLY | 513,158.23 | 0.59 | −0.29 | 528.40 | 4492.26 | 8.99 |
HDM | 316,219.62 | 0.52 | 2.07 | 699.36 | 3934.06 | 10.83 |
Geomorphological Division | Year | Dry-Edge Equation | R2 | Wet-Edge Equation | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AQM | 2000 | Dy = 46.4 − 9.89*X | 0.27 | Wy = 11.7 + 11.3*X | 0.50 |
2001 | Dy = 48.6 − 15.2*X | 0.68 | Wy = 13.8 + 8.89*X | 0.81 | |
2002 | Dy = 46.0 − 15.9*X | 0.78 | Wy = 11.7 + 9.81*X | 0.79 | |
2003 | Dy = 43.3 − 6.96*X | 0.35 | Wy = 11.1 + 11.8*X | 0.85 | |
2004 | Dy = 46.5 − 12.8*X | 0.69 | Wy = 11.4 + 11.1*X | 0.57 | |
2005 | Dy = 46.6 − 12.6*X | 0.81 | Wy = 8.89 + 14.2*X | 0.41 | |
2006 | Dy = 49.3 − 19.0*X | 0.93 | Wy = 12.1 + 11.7*X | 0.75 | |
2007 | Dy = 50.4 − 18.7*X | 0.70 | Wy = 10.2 + 14.3*X | 0.59 | |
2008 | Dy = 49.3 − 21.7*X | 0.78 | Wy = 11.0 + 11.6*X | 0.66 | |
2009 | Dy = 42.5 − 6.92*X | 0.27 | Wy = 10.8 + 12.6*X | 0.66 | |
2010 | Dy = 48.4 − 16.8*X | 0.85 | Wy = 9.60 + 15.5*X | 0.59 | |
2011 | Dy = 43.4 − 10.1*X | 0.60 | Wy = 8.41 + 16.7*X | 0.70 | |
2012 | Dy = 41.8 − 6.87*X | 0.39 | Wy = 8.60 + 14.1*X | 0.71 | |
2013 | Dy = 47.2 − 15.2*X | 0.62 | Wy = 10.9 + 12.9*X | 0.58 | |
2014 | Dy = 43.8 − 8.21*X | 0.45 | Wy = 11.5 + 10.5*X | 0.59 | |
2015 | Dy = 47.1 − 15.9*X | 0.63 | Wy = 10.6 + 11.1*X | 0.88 | |
2016 | Dy = 53.1 − 20.1*X | 0.92 | Wy = 14.5 + 8.93*X | 0.52 | |
2017 | Dy = 50.1 − 22.7*X | 0.82 | Wy = 8.76 + 15.5*X | 0.67 | |
2018 | Dy = 48.5 − 18.5*X | 0.75 | Wy = 8.97 + 12.7*X | 0.59 | |
2019 | Dy = 45.2 − 12.1*X | 0.69 | Wy = 7.19 + 14.4*X | 0.54 | |
QHB | 2000 | Dy = 60.9 − 29.2*X | 0.78 | Wy = 12.8 + 7.97*X | 0.52 |
2001 | Dy = 57.7 − 25.7*X | 0.69 | Wy = 10.9 + 12.4*X | 0.78 | |
2002 | Dy = 55.7 − 27.4*X | 0.92 | Wy = 11.3 + 10.0*X | 0.57 | |
2003 | Dy = 54.3 − 17.7*X | 0.59 | Wy = 12.4 + 9.58*X | 0.81 | |
2004 | Dy = 53.4 − 20.7*X | 0.83 | Wy = 10.9 + 11.2*X | 0.90 | |
2005 | Dy = 56.0 − 27.9*X | 0.92 | Wy = 10.6 + 10.5*X | 0.80 | |
2006 | Dy = 57.2 − 28.2*X | 0.86 | Wy = 14.6 + 7.29*X | 0.74 | |
2007 | Dy = 59.0 − 30.4*X | 0.79 | Wy = 12.1 + 9.59*X | 0.78 | |
2008 | Dy = 55.9 − 24.2*X | 0.77 | Wy = 12.5 + 9.22*X | 0.71 | |
2009 | Dy = 54.5 − 23.6*X | 0.80 | Wy = 12.5 + 8.88*X | 0.79 | |
2010 | Dy = 53.9 − 22.1*X | 0.96 | Wy = 13.0 + 5.95*X | 0.14 | |
2011 | Dy = 56.4 − 26.5*X | 0.86 | Wy = 11.3 + 11.7*X | 0.73 | |
2012 | Dy = 53.5 − 23.4*X | 0.92 | Wy = 9.76 + 12.6*X | 0.91 | |
2013 | Dy = 56.5 − 27.4*X | 0.87 | Wy = 14.4 + 7.99*X | 0.58 | |
2014 | Dy = 57.4 − 22.8*X | 0.57 | Wy = 12.4 + 9.00*X | 0.61 | |
2015 | Dy = 57.6 − 28.3*X | 0.84 | Wy = 12.4 + 8.87*X | 0.73 | |
2016 | Dy = 59.6 − 29.1*X | 0.86 | Wy = 15.2 + 6.56*X | 0.63 | |
2017 | Dy = 56.5 − 25.8*X | 0.82 | Wy = 11.6 + 10.0*X | 0.84 | |
2018 | Dy = 55.0 − 24.4*X | 0.85 | Wy = 10.3 + 9.28*X | 0.75 | |
2019 | Dy = 56.1 − 28.3*X | 0.91 | Wy = 12.8 + 3.60*X | 0.45 | |
KWKM | 2000 | Dy = 55.9 − 44.6*X | 0.75 | Wy = −4.8 + 36.0*X | 0.34 |
2001 | Dy = 55.8 − 46.5*X | 0.73 | Wy = −6.4 + 44.8*X | 0.38 | |
2002 | Dy = 53.3 − 38.6*X | 0.78 | Wy = −5.7 + 41.0*X | 0.44 | |
2003 | Dy = 56.2 − 44.7*X | 0.79 | Wy = −5.9 + 39.0*X | 0.41 | |
2004 | Dy = 54.6 − 43.4*X | 0.79 | Wy = −0.2 + 19.6*X | 0.11 | |
2005 | Dy = 51.8 − 38.2*X | 0.77 | Wy = −7.4 + 38.5*X | 0.44 | |
2006 | Dy = 56.1 − 45.8*X | 0.72 | Wy = −0.8 + 31.9*X | 0.39 | |
2007 | Dy = 53.0 − 37.2*X | 0.74 | Wy = −0.6 + 37.0*X | 0.34 | |
2008 | Dy = 52.1 − 36.2*X | 0.77 | Wy = −3.1 + 36.3*X | 0.42 | |
2009 | Dy = 54.3 − 43.4*X | 0.70 | Wy = −4.7 + 40.6*X | 0.39 | |
2010 | Dy = 52.8 − 40.6*X | 0.82 | Wy = −6.5 + 32.5*X | 0.41 | |
2011 | Dy = 55.5 − 40.6*X | 0.78 | Wy = −2.8 + 31.4*X | 0.28 | |
2012 | Dy = 56.2 − 45.1*X | 0.83 | Wy = −7.1 + 33.4*X | 0.46 | |
2013 | Dy = 55.6 − 39.3*X | 0.76 | Wy−−3.1 + 35.8*X | 0.31 | |
2014 | Dy = 53.5 − 38.3*X | 0.79 | Wy = −8.3 + 45.4*X | 0.51 | |
2015 | Dy = 53.2 − 38.2*X | 0.79 | Wy = −7.3 + 35.4*X | 0.33 | |
2016 | Dy = 54.9 − 38.9*X | 0.81 | Wy = −8.9 + 45.0*X | 0.50 | |
2017 | Dy = 52.0 − 31.3*X | 0.77 | Wy = −2.9 + 27.2*X | 0.31 | |
2018 | Dy = 55.7 − 37.0*X | 0.76 | Wy = −9.2 + 43.6*X | 0.53 | |
2019 | Dy = 54.4 − 38.8*X | 0.70 | Wy = −6.0 + 32.0*X | 0.40 | |
CEKM | 2000 | Dy = 49.7 − 17.7*X | 0.65 | Wy = 10.0 + 11.4*X | 0.59 |
2001 | Dy = 46.4 − 17.7*X | 0.71 | Wy = 11.6 + 8.75*X | 0.67 | |
2002 | Dy = 44.7 − 13.8*X | 0.77 | Wy = 9.82 + 11.6*X | 0.79 | |
2003 | Dy = 42.1 − 2.04*X | 0.03 | Wy = 9.56 + 11.1*X | 0.77 | |
2004 | Dy = 42.1 − 8.66*X | 0.70 | Wy = 10.4 + 9.08*X | 0.65 | |
2005 | Dy = 44.2 − 17.2*X | 0.82 | Wy = 10.9 + 6.97*X | 0.39 | |
2006 | Dy = 47.9 − 18.9*X | 0.76 | Wy = 11.4 + 10.5*X | 0.71 | |
2007 | Dy = 46.0 − 16.1*X | 0.61 | Wy = 10.5 + 9.32*X | 0.71 | |
2008 | Dy = 42.8 − 9.09*X | 0.37 | Wy = 10.8 + 9.99*X | 0.74 | |
2009 | Dy = 43.4 − 14.3*X | 0.69 | Wy = 5.75 + 14.1*X | 0.59 | |
2010 | Dy = 44.0 − 12.7*X | 0.71 | Wy = 7.84 + 7.88*X | 0.23 | |
2011 | Dy = 43.2 − 12.6*X | 0.79 | Wy = 10.2 + 10.6*X | 0.74 | |
2012 | Dy = 45.4 − 18.0*X | 0.88 | Wy = 8.15 + 10.6*X | 0.67 | |
2013 | Dy = 47.3 − 19.0*X | 0.83 | Wy = 10.4 + 10.9*X | 0.67 | |
2014 | Dy = 45.4 − 10.4*X | 0.26 | Wy = 8.99 + 11.8*X | 0.67 | |
2015 | Dy = 46.1 − 15.4*X | 0.69 | Wy = 11.1 + 9.57*X | 0.72 | |
2016 | Dy = 46.9 − 14.6*X | 0.71 | Wy = 11.5 + 10.0*X | 0.55 | |
2017 | Dy = 46.8 − 17.2*X | 0.82 | Wy = 8.92 + 10.2*X | 0.62 | |
2018 | Dy = 43.5 − 14.3*X | 0.81 | Wy = 7.32 + 12.1*X | 0.76 | |
2019 | Dy = 44.1 − 15.7*X | 0.76 | Wy = 6.38 + 10.5*X | 0.52 | |
QP | 2000 | Dy = 49.9 − 30.3*X | 0.82 | Wy = 6.68 + 14.1*X | 0.61 |
2001 | Dy = 47.3 − 29.5*X | 0.87 | Wy = 6.81 + 16.8*X | 0.71 | |
2002 | Dy = 49.1 − 26.3*X | 0.84 | Wy = 7.04 + 16.5*X | 0.69 | |
2003 | Dy = 48.3 − 30.0*X | 0.88 | Wy = 5.93 + 17.1*X | 0.78 | |
2004 | Dy = 46.9 − 23.7*X | 0.84 | Wy = 7.46 + 15.2*X | 0.68 | |
2005 | Dy = 49.4 − 28.8*X | 0.86 | Wy = 6.84 + 17.3*X | 0.69 | |
2006 | Dy = 49.9 − 30.5*X | 0.89 | Wy = 6.90 + 17.9*X | 0.66 | |
2007 | Dy = 4.9 − 21.5*X | 0.65 | Wy = 6.17 + 18.2*X | 0.64 | |
2008 | Dy = 46.2 − 28.5*X | 0.87 | Wy = 5.29 + 17.0*X | 0.74 | |
2009 | Dy = 50.5 − 26.2*X | 0.80 | Wy = 7.67 + 14.1*X | 0.58 | |
2010 | Dy = 50.5 − 27.6*X | 0.75 | Wy = 2.17 + 22.1*X | 0.68 | |
2011 | Dy = 47.8 − 30.3*X | 0.86 | Wy = 6.33 + 15.7*X | 0.65 | |
2012 | Dy = 50.7 − 26.7*X | 0.75 | Wy = 5.47 + 17.7*X | 0.65 | |
2013 | Dy = 51.5 − 33.1*X | 0.85 | Wy = 8.32 + 12.4*X | 0.58 | |
2014 | Dy = 48.8 − 23.1*X | 0.65 | Wy = 7.07 + 12.7*X | 0.57 | |
2015 | Dy = 49.7 − 30.0*X | 0.78 | Wy = 7.17 + 16.5*X | 0.61 | |
2016 | Dy = 49.8 − 30.3*X | 0.80 | Wy = 6.71 + 14.5*X | 0.71 | |
2017 | Dy = 45.4 − 21.7*X | 0.61 | Wy = 6.75 + 12.9*X | 0.64 | |
2018 | Dy = 52.6 − 28.5*X | 0.62 | Wy = 8.08 + 7.84*X | 0.67 | |
2019 | Dy = 50.9 − 35.6*X | 0.73 | Wy = 8.23 + 6.56*X | 0.62 | |
STR | 2000 | Dy = 43.9 − 6.73*X | 0.33 | Wy = 4.06 + 17.0*X | 0.72 |
2001 | Dy = 42.0 − 8.80*X | 0.67 | Wy = 2.24 + 20.0*X | 0.78 | |
2002 | Dy = 43.9 − 6.73*X | 0.33 | Wy = 4.06 + 17.0*X | 0.72 | |
2003 | Dy = 39.8 + 3.17*X | 0.07 | Wy = 4.70 + 14.9*X | 0.66 | |
2004 | Dy = 42.6 − 4.75*X | 0.46 | Wy = 5.31 + 13.6*X | 0.70 | |
2005 | Dy = 44.1 − 13.5*X | 0.87 | Wy = 5.95 + 12.4*X | 0.86 | |
2006 | Dy = 42.8 − 8.80*X | 0.57 | Wy = 6.79 + 14.2*X | 0.78 | |
2007 | Dy = 42.7 − 2.36*X | 0.03 | Wy = 5.65 + 16.3*X | 0.79 | |
2008 | Dy = 37.3 + 6.57*X | 0.54 | Wy = 2.18 + 16.1*X | 0.44 | |
2009 | Dy = 43.8 − 8.60*X | 0.56 | Wy = 3.96 + 18.0*X | 0.87 | |
2010 | Dy = 42.4 − 3.37*X | 0.22 | Wy = 0.63 + 21.1*X | 0.74 | |
2011 | Dy = 393 − 4.56*X | 0.34 | Wy = 5.75 + 13.8*X | 0.66 | |
2012 | Dy = 42.6 − 9.66*X | 0.71 | Wy − 5.89 + 8.53*X | 0.27 | |
2013 | Dy = 44.8 − 12.2*X | 0.78 | Wy = 7.45 + 15.2*X | 0.82 | |
2014 | Dy = 44.1 − 9.94*X | 0.42 | Wy = 0.85 + 19.4*X | 0.81 | |
2015 | Dy = 43.7 − 7.17*X | 0.70 | Wy − 6.60 + 14.8*X | 0.75 | |
2016 | Dy = 47.8 − 11.3*X | 0.69 | Wy = 3.75 + 19.6*X | 0.79 | |
2017 | Dy = 45.3 − 11.4*X | 0.69 | Wy = 5.24 + 14.2*X | 0.75 | |
2018 | Dy = 45.6 − 9.84*X | 0.38 | Wy = 4.46 + 15.0*X | 0.76 | |
2019 | Dy = 42.6 − 9.37*X | 0.65 | Wy = 4.54 + 14.0*X | 0.65 | |
HMLY | 2000 | Dy = 53.1 − 20.3*X | 0.82 | Wy = −12.0 + 17.6*X | 0.73 |
2001 | Dy = 51.9 − 21.6*X | 0.88 | Wy = −7.3 + 16.5*X | 0.82 | |
2002 | Dy = 53.5 − 22.4*X | 0.92 | Wy−−8.9 + 18.2*X | 0.76 | |
2003 | Dy = 51.7 − 20.2*X | 0.93 | Wy = −12.0 + 16.7*X | 0.73 | |
2004 | Dy = 52.0 − 19.2*X | 0.87 | Wy = −9.0 + 13.9*X | 0.70 | |
2005 | Dy = 52.9 − 21.5*X | 0.87 | Wy = −10.0 + 14.5*X | 0.75 | |
2006 | Dy = 52.0 − 20.9*X | 0.92 | Wy = −3.6 + 9.67*X | 0.46 | |
2007 | Dy = 56.2 − 22.6*X | 0.68 | Wy = −9.1 + 18.3*X | 0.73 | |
2008 | Dy = 48.9 − 16.9*X | 0.92 | Wy = −11.0 + 18.3*X | 0.76 | |
2009 | Dy = 55.2 − 21.2*X | 0.71 | Wy = −9.2 + 19.0*X | 0.81 | |
2010 | Dy = 56.1 − 23.8*X | 0.81 | Wy = −9.0 + 14.2*X | 0.71 | |
2011 | Dy = 50.6 − 19.6*X | 0.89 | Wy = −8.3 + 11.9*X | 0.69 | |
2012 | Dy = 54.3 − 22.1*X | 0.89 | Wy = −13.0 + 17.6*X | 0.73 | |
2013 | Dy = 52.7 − 20.4*X | 0.95 | Wy = −4.7 + 11.6*X | 0.48 | |
2014 | Dy = 54.4 − 21.1*X | 0.77 | Wy = −12.0 + 19.6*X | 0.83 | |
2015 | Dy = 52.5 − 19.9*X | 0.88 | Wy = −8.8 + 14.3*X | 0.66 | |
2016 | Dy = 51.6 − 18.6*X | 0.87 | Wy = −3.1 + 10.0*X | 0.41 | |
2017 | Dy = 51.4 − 19.0*X | 0.87 | Wy = −5.7 + 14.3*X | 0.74 | |
2018 | Dy = 55.4 − 22.9*X | 0.87 | Wy = −8.7 + 15.7*X | 0.83 | |
2019 | Dy = 54.5 − 21.9*X | 0.78 | Wy = −11. + 18.3*X | 0.84 | |
HDM | 2000 | Dy = 47.6 − 14.8*X | 0.43 | Wy = −1.1 + 6.43*X | 0.57 |
2001 | Dy = 48.3 − 16.9*X | 0.60 | Wy = 2.75 + 8.98*X | 0.27 | |
2002 | Dy = 48.3 − 15.9*X | 0.50 | Wy = 4.75 + 6.75*X | 0.43 | |
2003 | Dy = 51.4 − 17.0*X | 0.42 | Wy = −0.1 + 10.4*X | 0.50 | |
2004 | Dy − 45.1 − 12.1*X | 0.38 | Wy = 1.06 + 4.81*X | 0.23 | |
2005 | Dy = 51.0 − 18.1*X | 0.43 | Wy = 0.87 + 4.39*X | 0.24 | |
2006 | Dy = 50.3 − 18.2*X | 0.59 | Wy = 7.95 + 2.48*X | 0.09 | |
2007 | Dy = 47.8 − 14.3*X | 0.48 | Wy = −0.7 + 11.1*X | 0.42 | |
2008 | Dy = 48.2 − 16.4*X | 0.50 | Wy = −3.1 + 13.5*X | 0.63 | |
2009 | Dy = 49.3 − 14.4*X | 0.38 | Wy = 5.60 + 2.31*X | 0.07 | |
2010 | Dy = 47.6 − 14.3*X | 0.37 | Wy = 2.64 + 6.33*X | 0.46 | |
2011 | Dy = 47.9 − 16.4*X | 0.65 | Wy = 4.88 + 1.54*X | 0.02 | |
2012 | Dy = 49.6 − 13.1*X | 0.26 | Wy = 2.93 + 3.44*X | 0.12 | |
2013 | Dy = 49.3 − 14.5*X | 0.33 | Wy = 7.73 + 5.00*X | 0.20 | |
2014 | Dy = 49.1 − 12.0*X | 0.24 | Wy = 2.89 + 4.76*X | 0.17 | |
2015 | Dy = 53.2 − 17.9*X | 0.40 | Wy = 6.14 + 1.77*X | 0.02 | |
2016 | Dy = 46.8 − 12.8*X | 0.30 | Wy = 3.83 + 3.42*X | 0.15 | |
2017 | Dy = 48.6 − 14.3*X | 0.37 | Wy = 3.43 + 8.85*X | 0.56 | |
2018 | Dy = 47.7 − 12.6*X | 0.30 | Wy = −0.0 + 7.89*X | 0.54 | |
2019 | Dy = 48.9 − 12.0*X | 0.23 | Wy = 3.13 + 6.85*X | 0.30 |
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Data Class | Data | Data Sources | Spatial Resolution | Time of Data |
---|---|---|---|---|
Climatic factor | Precipitation | National Qinghai Tibet Plateau scientific data center (http://www.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/, accessed on 7 April 2021) | 1 km | 2000–2017 |
Temperature | 2000–2017 | |||
Geomorphological factor | Elevation | China Geological Survey (https://www.cgs.gov.cn/, accessed on 21 April 2021) | 1 km | 2015 |
Slope | ||||
Aspect | ||||
Accessibility factor | Water surface body | National Qinghai Tibet Plateau scientific data center (http://www.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/, accessed on 21 April 2021) | 1 km | 2015 |
Built-up land | ||||
Land use factor | LULC | National Qinghai Tibet Plateau scientific data center (http://www.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/, accessed on 21 April 2021) | 1 km | 2015 |
Types of TVDI Changes | Zoning Criteria | ||
---|---|---|---|
Precipitation driven | t ≥ t0.05 | F ≥ F0.05 | |
Temperature driven | t ≥ t0.05 | F ≥ F0.05 | |
Temperature and precipitation driven | t ≤ t0.05 | t ≤ t0.05 | F ≥ F0.05 |
Other drive types | F ≤ F0.05 |
Grading Criteria | TVDI Trend | |
---|---|---|
< 0 | p > t0.01 | Extremely significant decrease |
p ≥ t0.05 and p ≤ t0.01 | Significant decrease | |
p < t0.05 | Non-significant decrease | |
> 0 | p < t0.05 | Non-significant increase |
p ≥ t 0.05 and p ≤ t0.01 | Significant increase | |
p > t0.01 | Extremely significant increase |
Classification of TVDI | [0, 0.2] | (0.2, 0.4] | (0.4, 0.6] | (0.6, 0.8] | (0.8, 1.0] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drought rank | Extremely wet | Wet | Normal | Dry | Extremely dry |
Drought types | No drought | No drought | No drought | Drought | Severe drought |
Geomorphological Division | TVDI-Max | TVDI-Min | TVDI-Mean | TVDI-SD | Slope-Mean | TVDI-t3 | TVDI-t4 | TVDI-t5 | TVDI-t6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AQM | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 3.75 | 47.34% | 44.11% | 6.19% | 2.37% |
QHB | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.66 | 0.20 | 1.04 | 42.64% | 51.48% | 4.07% | 1.82% |
KWKM | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.18 | 1.09 | 20.64% | 69.28% | 8.21% | 1.87% |
CEKM | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.21 | 1.54 | 25.59% | 62.20% | 9.96% | 2.25% |
QP | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.59 | 0.15 | 5.94 | 46.76% | 42.58% | 6.96% | 3.70% |
STR | 0.94 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 9.69 | 41.10% | 46.45% | 8.04% | 4.41% |
HMLY | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.18 | −3.43 | 58.71% | 37.09% | 3.41% | 0.79% |
HDM | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.15 | −1.83 | 73.79% | 24.25% | 1.57% | 0.40% |
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Liu, Y.; Ni, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Zhou, G.; Luo, Y.; Li, S.; Wang, D.; Zhang, S. Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Driving Forces of Drying Trends on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Geomorphological Division. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137909
Liu Y, Ni Z, Zhao Y, Zhou G, Luo Y, Li S, Wang D, Zhang S. Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Driving Forces of Drying Trends on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Geomorphological Division. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137909
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yi, Zhongyun Ni, Yinbing Zhao, Guoli Zhou, Yuhao Luo, Shuai Li, Dong Wang, and Shaowen Zhang. 2022. "Spatial-Temporal Evolution and Driving Forces of Drying Trends on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Geomorphological Division" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137909