Risk Associations between Vehicular Traffic Noise Exposure and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Residential Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.1.1. The Cohort Study
2.1.2. Definition of the Cohort and the Follow-Up Period
2.2. Exposure Assessment
2.2.1. Exposure to Noise
- Class 1 (reference): nighttime <43.7 dB (A); daytime; <50.7 dB (A);
- Class 2: nighttime 43.7–49.5 dB (A); daytime 50.7–56.7 dB (A);
- Class 3: nighttime 49.5–53.3 dB (A); daytime 56.7–60.3 dB (A);
- Class 4: nighttime 53.3–73.9 dB (A); daytime 60.3–78.1 dB (A).
2.2.2. Exposure to Vehicular Traffic Air Pollution
- Class 1 (reference): <25.5 µg/m3;
- Class 2: 25.5–27.6 µg/m3;
- Class 3: 27.6–35.2 µg/m3;
- Class 4: 35.2–78.6 µg/m3.
2.2.3. Exposure to Socio-Economic Factors
- Percentage of the population with an education level equal to or lower than the elementary school certificate (failure to reach compulsory schooling);
- Percentage of the active population unemployed or seeking their first job;
- Percentage of occupied rented dwellings;
- Percentage of single-parent families with cohabiting dependent children;
- Population density (number of occupants per 100 m2).
2.3. Health Indicators
- Diseases of the circulatory system (CVD) (International Classification of Diseases IX revision ICD-IX Code–390–495);
- Hypertensive diseases (ICD-IX Code–401–405);
- Ischaemic heart diseases (IHD) (ICD-IX Code–410–414);
- Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (ICD-IX Code–410);
- Cerebrovascular diseases (ICD-IX Code–430–438);
- Stroke (ICD-IX Code–434, 435, 437, 446).
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Results of Statistical Analyses
3.1.1. Descriptive Analysis—Mortality
3.1.2. Descriptive Analysis—Hospital Admission
3.1.3. Cardiovascular Disease and Noise Exposure—Mortality Analysis
3.1.4. Cardiovascular Disease and Noise Exposure—Hospital Admission Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Define technical actions within teams of epidemiologists, urban developers, environmental practitioners, administrators, and representatives of the city neighborhoods. A transfer of the present scientific evidence into local decisions should adopt a transparent and layman language;
- Preserve the role of research as an independent source of information and objectively adopting the best scientific approach to provide and interpret results. A “third-party” contribution can move decisions to a greater acceptance;
- Set a permanent observatory for monitoring policy interventions at the city level. The assessment of the impacts of adopted or planned strategies is the best way to add value to research findings and improve the health indicators over time.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cohort | Person-Years | Number of Deaths for CVD | Crude Rate × 1000 Person-Years | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 985,022 | 4854 | 4.93 | 4.79 | 5.07 | |
Sex | Women | 518,783 | 2870 | 5.53 | 5.33 | 5.74 |
Men | 466,239 | 1984 | 4.26 | 4.07 | 4.45 | |
Age classes (years) | 0–44 | 476,355 | 40 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.11 |
45–54 | 131,925 | 73 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.70 | |
55–64 | 135,510 | 191 | 1.41 | 1.22 | 1.62 | |
65–74 | 120,543 | 648 | 5.38 | 4.98 | 5.81 | |
75–84 | 91,683 | 1942 | 21.18 | 20.26 | 22.15 | |
85+ | 29,006 | 1960 | 67.57 | 64.65 | 70.63 | |
Classes of socio-economic deprivation | Low | 193,035 | 910 | 4.71 | 4.42 | 5.03 |
Medium-low | 195,292 | 904 | 4.63 | 4.34 | 4.94 | |
Medium | 201,576 | 992 | 4.92 | 4.62 | 5.24 | |
Medium-high | 196,028 | 948 | 4.84 | 4.54 | 5.15 | |
High | 193,552 | 1062 | 5.49 | 5.17 | 5.83 | |
Classes of exposure to nocturnal noise (dB(A)) | Class 1 (reference): <43.7 | 245,342 | 1074 | 4.38 | 4.12 | 4.65 |
Class 2: 43.7–49.5 | 252,567 | 1216 | 4.81 | 4.55 | 5.09 | |
Class 3: 49.5–53.30 | 247,869 | 1249 | 5.04 | 4.77 | 5.33 | |
Class 4: 53.3–73.9 | 239,220 | 1315 | 5.50 | 5.21 | 5.80 | |
Classes of exposure to diurnal noise (dB(A)) | Class 1 (reference): <50.7 | 245,621 | 1082 | 4.41 | 4.15 | 4.68 |
Class 2: 50.7–56.7 | 250,101 | 1187 | 4.75 | 4.48 | 5.02 | |
Class 3: 56.7–60.3 | 249,401 | 1246 | 5.00 | 4.73 | 5.28 | |
Class 4:60.3–78.1 | 239,875 | 1339 | 5.58 | 5.29 | 5.89 | |
Classes of exposure to NO2 (µg/m3) | Class 1 (reference): <25.5 | 210,071 | 912 | 4.34 | 4.07 | 4.63 |
Class 2: 25.5–27.6 | 215,578 | 1104 | 5.12 | 4.83 | 5.43 | |
Class 3: 27.6–35.2 | 302,240 | 1484 | 4.91 | 4.67 | 5.17 | |
Class 4: 35.2–78.6 | 256,716 | 1354 | 5.27 | 5.00 | 5.56 |
Cohort | Person-Years | Number of Hospitalizations for CVD | Crude Rate × 1000 Person-Year | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Total | 1,107,023 | 13,277 | 11.99 | 11.79 | 12.20 |
Women | 588,219 | 6257 | 10.64 | 10.38 | 10.90 | |
Men | 518,804 | 7020 | 13.53 | 13.22 | 13.85 | |
Age classes (years) | 0–44 | 557,381 | 927 | 1.66 | 1.56 | 1.77 |
45–54 | 156,370 | 1061 | 6.79 | 6.39 | 7.21 | |
55–64 | 150,762 | 2250 | 14.92 | 14.32 | 15.55 | |
65–74 | 128,187 | 3519 | 27.45 | 26.56 | 28.37 | |
75–84 | 87,768 | 4099 | 46.70 | 45.30 | 48.16 | |
85+ | 26,555 | 1421 | 53.51 | 50.80 | 56.37 | |
Classes of socio-economic deprivation | Low | 216,732 | 2501 | 11.54 | 11.10 | 12.00 |
Medium-low | 220,026 | 2530 | 11.50 | 11.06 | 11.96 | |
Medium | 226,222 | 2639 | 11.67 | 11.23 | 12.12 | |
Medium-high | 221,501 | 2624 | 11.85 | 11.40 | 12.31 | |
High | 216,034 | 2931 | 13.57 | 13.09 | 14.07 | |
Classes of exposure to nocturnal noise (dB(A)) | Class 1 (reference): <43.7 | 276,582 | 3181 | 11.50 | 11.11 | 11.91 |
Class 2: 43.7–49.5 | 284,178 | 3372 | 11.87 | 11.47 | 12.27 | |
Class 3: 49.5–53.3 | 279,133 | 3388 | 12.14 | 11.74 | 12.55 | |
Class 4: 53.3–73.9 | 267,106 | 3336 | 12.49 | 12.07 | 12.92 | |
Classes of exposure to diurnal noise (dB(A)) | Class 1 (reference): <50.7 | 276,849 | 3181 | 11.49 | 11.10 | 11.90 |
Class 2: 50.7–56.7 | 280,855 | 3289 | 11.71 | 11.32 | 12.12 | |
Class 3: 56.7–60.3 | 280,787 | 3473 | 12.37 | 11.96 | 12.79 | |
Class 4:60.3–78.1 | 268,508 | 3334 | 12.42 | 12.00 | 12.85 | |
Classes of exposure to NOx (µg/m3) | Class 1 (reference): <25.0 | 237,754 | 2714 | 11.42 | 10.99 | 11.85 |
Class 2: 25.5–27.6 | 240,157 | 3106 | 12.93 | 12.49 | 13.40 | |
Class 3: 27.6–35.2 | 339,832 | 4032 | 11.97 | 11.50 | 23.24 | |
Class 4: 35.2–78.6 | 288,787 | 3423 | 11.85 | 11.46 | 12.26 |
Cause (Code ICD-IX) | Gender | Class Exp. | Nocturnal Period | Diurnal Period | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | HR | p | 95% CI | Trend | p | 95% CI | n | HR | p | 95% CI | Trend | p | 95% CI | |||||||
Diseases of the Circulatory System (390–459)-CVD | M + W | 2 | 1216 | 1.03 | 0.473 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 1187 | 1.02 | 0.693 | 0.94 | 1.11 | ||||||||
3 | 1249 | 1.08 | 0.061 | 1.00 | 1.17 | 1246 | 1.08 | 0.079 | 0.99 | 1.17 | ||||||||||
4 | 1315 | 1.11 | 0.015 | 1.02 | 1.20 | 1.006 | 0.003 | 1.002 | 1.010 | 1339 | 1.10 | 0.029 | 1.01 | 1.19 | 1.006 | 0.003 | 1.002 | 1.010 | ||
M | 2 | 463 | 0.91 | 0.171 | 0.80 | 1.04 | 452 | 0.89 | 0.068 | 0.78 | 1.01 | |||||||||
3 | 505 | 0.99 | 0.931 | 0.88 | 1.13 | 507 | 0.99 | 0.902 | 0.88 | 1.12 | ||||||||||
4 | 541 | 1.07 | 0.313 | 0.94 | 1.21 | 1.004 | 0.207 | 0.998 | 1.010 | 547 | 1.05 | 0.456 | 0.93 | 1.19 | 1.004 | 0.250 | 0.997 | 1.010 | ||
W | 2 | 753 | 1.12 | 0.041 | 1.00 | 1.25 | 735 | 1.12 | 0.043 | 1.00 | 1.25 | |||||||||
3 | 744 | 1.15 | 0.010 | 1.04 | 1.28 | 739 | 1.14 | 0.015 | 1.03 | 1.27 | ||||||||||
4 | 774 | 1.15 | 0.013 | 1.03 | 1.28 | 1.007 | 0.004 | 1.002 | 1.012 | 792 | 1.14 | 0.018 | 1.02 | 1.27 | 1.008 | 0.003 | 1.003 | 1.013 | ||
Ischaemic Heart Diseases (410–414)-IHD | M + W | 2 | 396 | 0.95 | 0.441 | 0.82 | 1.09 | 388 | 0.93 | 0.293 | 0.80 | 1.07 | ||||||||
3 | 424 | 1.03 | 0.702 | 0.89 | 1.18 | 412 | 0.98 | 0.765 | 0.85 | 1.12 | ||||||||||
4 | 455 | 1.09 | 0.248 | 0.95 | 1.25 | 1.005 | 0.134 | 0.998 | 1.012 | 467 | 1.07 | 0.319 | 0.94 | 1.23 | 1.005 | 0.170 | 0.998 | 1.011 | ||
M | 2 | 176 | 0.82 | 0.048 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 178 | 0.82 | 0.052 | 0.67 | 1.00 | |||||||||
3 | 208 | 0.96 | 0.689 | 0.79 | 1.17 | 197 | 0.90 | 0.275 | 0.74 | 1.09 | ||||||||||
4 | 215 | 1.01 | 0.894 | 0.83 | 1.23 | 1.002 | 0.672 | 0.993 | 1.011 | 222 | 1.02 | 0.868 | 0.84 | 1.23 | 1.001 | 0.858 | 0.991 | 1.010 | ||
W | 2 | 220 | 1.09 | 0.385 | 0.90 | 1.33 | 210 | 1.04 | 0.670 | 0.86 | 1.27 | |||||||||
3 | 216 | 1.11 | 0.322 | 0.91 | 1.35 | 215 | 1.07 | 0.493 | 0.88 | 1.30 | ||||||||||
4 | 240 | 1.18 | 0.104 | 0.97 | 1.43 | 1.008 | 0.078 | 0.999 | 1.017 | 245 | 1.14 | 0.176 | 0.94 | 1.39 | 1.009 | 0.068 | 0.999 | 1.018 | ||
Acute Myocardial Infarction (410)-AMI | M + W | 2 | 147 | 0.97 | 0.813 | 0.77 | 1.23 | 143 | 0.95 | 0.642 | 0.75 | 1.19 | ||||||||
3 | 152 | 1.00 | 0.981 | 0.80 | 1.26 | 147 | 0.95 | 0.651 | 0.75 | 1.19 | ||||||||||
4 | 148 | 0.99 | 0.902 | 0.78 | 1.25 | 1.001 | 0.854 | 0.990 | 1.012 | 154 | 0.99 | 0.941 | 0.79 | 1.25 | 1.001 | 0.794 | 0.991 | 1.013 | ||
M | 2 | 71 | 0.90 | 0.510 | 0.65 | 1.24 | 73 | 0.94 | 0.706 | 0.68 | 1.30 | |||||||||
3 | 80 | 1.00 | 0.980 | 0.73 | 1.38 | 79 | 0.99 | 0.961 | 0.72 | 1.36 | ||||||||||
4 | 82 | 1.06 | 0.705 | 0.77 | 1.46 | 1.005 | 0.554 | 0.989 | 1.020 | 82 | 1.05 | 0.748 | 0.77 | 1.45 | 1.003 | 0.709 | 0.988 | 1.018 | ||
W | 2 | 76 | 1.06 | 0.725 | 0.76 | 1.48 | 70 | 0.95 | 0.784 | 0.68 | 1.33 | |||||||||
3 | 72 | 1.01 | 0.977 | 0.72 | 1.40 | 68 | 0.90 | 0.550 | 0.65 | 1.26 | ||||||||||
4 | 66 | 0.91 | 0.587 | 0.64 | 1.29 | 0.997 | 0.743 | 0.982 | 1.013 | 72 | 0.93 | 0.672 | 0.67 | 1.30 | 1.000 | 0.986 | 0.984 | 1.016 | ||
Cerebrovascular Diseases (430–438) | M + W | 2 | 385 | 1.03 | 0.699 | 0.89 | 1.19 | 387 | 1.06 | 0.456 | 0.91 | 1.23 | ||||||||
3 | 403 | 1.12 | 0.129 | 0.97 | 1.29 | 394 | 1.11 | 0.178 | 0.96 | 1.28 | ||||||||||
4 | 399 | 1.06 | 0.476 | 0.91 | 1.22 | 1.004 | 0.240 | 0.997 | 1.011 | 407 | 1.05 | 0.480 | 0.91 | 1.22 | 1.004 | 0.307 | 0.997 | 1.010 | ||
M | 2 | 128 | 0.89 | 0.361 | 0.70 | 1.14 | 126 | 0.85 | 0.201 | 0.67 | 1.09 | |||||||||
3 | 138 | 0.96 | 0.710 | 0.75 | 1.21 | 136 | 0.92 | 0.480 | 0.72 | 1.16 | ||||||||||
4 | 146 | 1.00 | 0.995 | 0.79 | 1.27 | 1.002 | 0.760 | 0.990 | 1.013 | 146 | 0.95 | 0.665 | 0.75 | 1.20 | 1.000 | 0.997 | 0.989 | 1.012 | ||
W | 2 | 257 | 1.11 | 0.260 | 0.92 | 1.34 | 261 | 1.20 | 0.059 | 0.99 | 1.45 | |||||||||
3 | 265 | 1.23 | 0.028 | 1.02 | 1.48 | 258 | 1.24 | 0.025 | 1.03 | 1.49 | ||||||||||
4 | 253 | 1.10 | 0.332 | 0.91 | 1.33 | 1.006 | 0.199 | 0.997 | 1.014 | 261 | 1.13 | 0.192 | 0.94 | 1.37 | 1.006 | 0.191 | 0.997 | 1.014 |
Cause (Code ICD-IX) | Gender | ClassExp. | Nocturnal Period | Diurnal Period | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | HR | p | 95% CI | Trend | p | 95% CI | n | HR | p | 95% CI | Trend | p | 95% CI | |||||||
Diseases of the Circulatory System (390–459)-CVD | M + W | 2 | 3345 | 1.00 | 0.959 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 3266 | 0.99 | 0.791 | 0.95 | 1.04 | ||||||||
3 | 3364 | 1.01 | 0.808 | 0.96 | 1.06 | 3450 | 1.02 | 0.431 | 0.97 | 1.07 | ||||||||||
4 | 3319 | 1.02 | 0.423 | 0.97 | 1.07 | 1.002 | 0.137 | 0.999 | 1.004 | 3312 | 1.00 | 0.899 | 0.96 | 1.05 | 1.001 | 0.259 | 0.999 | 1.004 | ||
M | 2 | 1785 | 0.98 | 0.454 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 1745 | 0.97 | 0.384 | 0.91 | 1.04 | |||||||||
3 | 1775 | 0.97 | 0.388 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 1862 | 1.01 | 0.840 | 0.94 | 1.08 | ||||||||||
4 | 1685 | 0.97 | 0.419 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 0.999 | 0.632 | 0.996 | 1.002 | 1649 | 0.94 | 0.082 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 0.999 | 0.448 | 0.996 | 1.002 | ||
W | 2 | 1560 | 1.03 | 0.454 | 0.96 | 1.10 | 1521 | 1.02 | 0.588 | 0.95 | 1.10 | |||||||||
3 | 1589 | 1.05 | 0.163 | 0.98 | 1.13 | 1588 | 1.04 | 0.307 | 0.97 | 1.11 | ||||||||||
4 | 1634 | 1.08 | 0.033 | 1.01 | 1.16 | 1.005 | 0.006 | 1.001 | 1.008 | 1663 | 1.08 | 0.041 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 1.004 | 0.011 | 1.001 | 1.008 | ||
Hypertensive Diseases (401–405) | M + W | 2 | 104 | 1.04 | 0.780 | 0.79 | 1.38 | 95 | 0.92 | 0.579 | 0.69 | 1.23 | ||||||||
3 | 107 | 1.08 | 0.593 | 0.82 | 1.43 | 107 | 1.03 | 0.852 | 0.78 | 1.35 | ||||||||||
4 | 112 | 1.16 | 0.300 | 0.88 | 1.54 | 1.004 | 0.512 | 0.991 | 1.017 | 117 | 1.15 | 0.308 | 0.88 | 1.52 | 1.005 | 0.429 | 0.992 | 1.019 | ||
M | 2 | 54 | 1.19 | 0.408 | 0.79 | 1.77 | 49 | 1.06 | 0.779 | 0.71 | 1.59 | |||||||||
3 | 51 | 1.13 | 0.557 | 0.75 | 1.70 | 54 | 1.14 | 0.512 | 0.77 | 1.70 | ||||||||||
4 | 48 | 1.10 | 0.672 | 0.72 | 1.66 | 1.003 | 0.763 | 0.984 | 1.022 | 49 | 1.08 | 0.707 | 0.72 | 1.64 | 1.004 | 0.661 | 0.985 | 1.024 | ||
W | 2 | 50 | 0.92 | 0.675 | 0.62 | 1.36 | 46 | 0.81 | 0.307 | 0.55 | 1.21 | |||||||||
3 | 56 | 1.05 | 0.820 | 0.71 | 1.53 | 53 | 0.94 | 0.741 | 0.64 | 1.37 | ||||||||||
4 | 64 | 1.20 | 0.337 | 0.83 | 1.76 | 1.005 | 0.558 | 0.988 | 1.023 | 68 | 1.20 | 0.329 | 0.83 | 1.73 | 1.006 | 0.520 | 0.988 | 1.024 | ||
Ischaemic Heart Diseases (410–414)-IHD | M + W | 2 | 923 | 0.94 | 0.194 | 0.86 | 1.03 | 886 | 0.91 | 0.034 | 0.83 | 0.99 | ||||||||
3 | 970 | 1.00 | 0.977 | 0.91 | 1.09 | 1005 | 1.01 | 0.892 | 0.92 | 1.10 | ||||||||||
4 | 888 | 0.96 | 0.385 | 0.87 | 1.05 | 0.999 | 0.688 | 0.995 | 1.003 | 877 | 0.92 | 0.079 | 0.84 | 1.01 | 0.999 | 0.550 | 0.994 | 1.003 | ||
M | 2 | 608 | 0.93 | 0.232 | 0.84 | 1.05 | 576 | 0.88 | 0.025 | 0.78 | 0.98 | |||||||||
3 | 619 | 0.96 | 0.483 | 0.86 | 1.07 | 651 | 0.98 | 0.662 | 0.87 | 1.09 | ||||||||||
4 | 542 | 0.90 | 0.090 | 0.80 | 1.02 | 0.996 | 0.196 | 0.991 | 1.002 | 533 | 0.86 | 0.014 | 0.77 | 0.97 | 0.996 | 0.137 | 0.990 | 1.001 | ||
W | 2 | 315 | 0.96 | 0.583 | 0.82 | 1.12 | 310 | 0.96 | 0.585 | 0.82 | 1.12 | |||||||||
3 | 351 | 1.09 | 0.293 | 0.93 | 1.27 | 354 | 1.08 | 0.353 | 0.92 | 1.25 | ||||||||||
4 | 346 | 1.08 | 0.324 | 0.93 | 1.27 | 1.005 | 0.222 | 0.997 | 1.012 | 344 | 1.04 | 0.621 | 0.89 | 1.22 | 1.004 | 0.240 | 0.997 | 1.012 | ||
Acute Myocardial Infarction (410)-AMI | M + W | 2 | 467 | 0.98 | 0.800 | 0.86 | 1.12 | 451 | 0.96 | 0.502 | 0.84 | 1.09 | ||||||||
3 | 478 | 1.00 | 0.955 | 0.88 | 1.14 | 508 | 1.05 | 0.484 | 0.92 | 1.19 | ||||||||||
4 | 482 | 1.05 | 0.477 | 0.92 | 1.20 | 1.002 | 0.483 | 0.996 | 1.008 | 464 | 0.98 | 0.798 | 0.86 | 1.12 | 1.002 | 0.606 | 0.995 | 1.008 | ||
M | 2 | 298 | 0.95 | 0.565 | 0.81 | 1.12 | 278 | 0.89 | 0.154 | 0.76 | 1.05 | |||||||||
3 | 296 | 0.94 | 0.463 | 0.80 | 1.11 | 330 | 1.02 | 0.765 | 0.88 | 1.20 | ||||||||||
4 | 290 | 0.98 | 0.798 | 0.83 | 1.15 | 0.999 | 0.741 | 0.991 | 1.006 | 274 | 0.90 | 0.225 | 0.76 | 1.07 | 0.998 | 0.620 | 0.990 | 1.006 | ||
W | 2 | 169 | 1.05 | 0.682 | 0.84 | 1.31 | 173 | 1.10 | 0.417 | 0.88 | 1.36 | |||||||||
3 | 182 | 1.14 | 0.234 | 0.92 | 1.42 | 178 | 1.10 | 0.379 | 0.89 | 1.37 | ||||||||||
4 | 192 | 1.21 | 0.091 | 0.97 | 1.50 | 1.009 | 0.081 | 0.999 | 1.019 | 190 | 1.15 | 0.199 | 0.93 | 1.43 | 1.009 | 0.097 | 0.998 | 1.019 | ||
Cerebrovascular Diseases (430–438) | M + W | 2 | 1078 | 0.98 | 0.565 | 0.90 | 1.06 | 1040 | 0.95 | 0.279 | 0.88 | 1.04 | ||||||||
3 | 1087 | 0.99 | 0.790 | 0.91 | 1.08 | 1112 | 1.00 | 0.908 | 0.91 | 1.08 | ||||||||||
4 | 1083 | 0.99 | 0.861 | 0.91 | 1.08 | 1.002 | 0.451 | 0.998 | 1.006 | 1090 | 0.98 | 0.614 | 0.90 | 1.07 | 1.001 | 0.763 | 0.997 | 1.005 | ||
M | 2 | 501 | 0.92 | 0.157 | 0.81 | 1.04 | 483 | 0.89 | 0.058 | 0.78 | 1.00 | |||||||||
3 | 525 | 0.96 | 0.514 | 0.85 | 1.09 | 545 | 0.97 | 0.605 | 0.86 | 1.09 | ||||||||||
4 | 486 | 0.92 | 0.183 | 0.81 | 1.04 | 0.997 | 0.374 | 0.992 | 1.003 | 481 | 0.89 | 0.064 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 0.996 | 0.220 | 0.990 | 1.002 | ||
W | 2 | 577 | 1.04 | 0.564 | 0.92 | 1.17 | 557 | 1.02 | 0.730 | 0.91 | 1.15 | |||||||||
3 | 562 | 1.02 | 0.751 | 0.91 | 1.15 | 567 | 1.02 | 0.715 | 0.91 | 1.15 | ||||||||||
4 | 597 | 1.07 | 0.272 | 0.95 | 1.21 | 1.005 | 0.054 | 1.000 | 1.011 | 609 | 1.07 | 0.262 | 0.95 | 1.21 | 1.005 | 0.103 | 0.999 | 1.010 | ||
Stroke (434,435,437,446) | M + W | 2 | 603 | 0.92 | 0.164 | 0.83 | 1.03 | 581 | 0.91 | 0.107 | 0.81 | 1.02 | ||||||||
3 | 626 | 0.96 | 0.441 | 0.86 | 1.07 | 647 | 0.98 | 0.731 | 0.88 | 1.10 | ||||||||||
4 | 608 | 0.94 | 0.308 | 0.84 | 1.06 | 1.000 | 0.931 | 0.994 | 1.005 | 613 | 0.94 | 0.262 | 0.84 | 1.05 | 0.999 | 0.744 | 0.994 | 1.004 | ||
M | 2 | 251 | 0.87 | 0.102 | 0.73 | 1.03 | 247 | 0.87 | 0.115 | 0.73 | 1.03 | |||||||||
3 | 287 | 0.98 | 0.785 | 0.83 | 1.15 | 296 | 1.00 | 0.991 | 0.85 | 1.18 | ||||||||||
4 | 266 | 0.95 | 0.529 | 0.80 | 1.12 | 0.999 | 0.824 | 0.991 | 1.007 | 266 | 0.94 | 0.476 | 0.79 | 1.12 | 0.999 | 0.757 | 0.991 | 1.007 | ||
W | 2 | 352 | 0.97 | 0.679 | 0.83 | 1.13 | 334 | 0.94 | 0.457 | 0.81 | 1.10 | |||||||||
3 | 339 | 0.94 | 0.446 | 0.81 | 1.10 | 351 | 0.97 | 0.650 | 0.83 | 1.12 | ||||||||||
4 | 342 | 0.94 | 0.431 | 0.81 | 1.10 | 1.000 | 0.934 | 0.993 | 1.007 | 347 | 0.94 | 0.394 | 0.80 | 1.09 | 0.999 | 0.878 | 0.992 | 1.007 |
MORTALITY (Period 2001–2012) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cause (Code ICD-IX) | Gender | Class of Exposure | Night | Day | ||
+/- | Trend | +/- | Trend | |||
Diseases of the Circulatory System (390–459)-CVD | M + W | 2 | ||||
3 | + | + | ||||
4 | + | t | + | t | ||
W | 2 | |||||
3 | + | + | ||||
4 | + | t | + | t | ||
Ischaemic Heart Diseases (410–414)-IHD | W | 2 | ||||
3 | ||||||
4 | t | t | ||||
Cerebrovascular Diseases (430–438) | W | 2 | ||||
3 | + | + | ||||
4 | ||||||
HOSPITALIZATION (Period 2001–2014) | ||||||
Cause (Code ICD-IX) | Sex | Class of Exposure | Night | Day | ||
+/- | Trend | +/- | Trend | |||
Diseases of the Circulatory System (390–459)-CVD | M | 2 | ||||
3 | ||||||
4 | - | |||||
W | 2 | |||||
3 | ||||||
4 | + | t | + | t | ||
Ischaemic Heart Diseases (410–414)-IHD | M + W | 2 | ||||
3 | ||||||
4 | - | |||||
M | 2 | |||||
3 | ||||||
4 | - | - | ||||
Acute Myocardial Infarction (410)-AMI | W | 2 | ||||
3 | ||||||
4 | + | t | t | |||
Cerebrovascular Diseases (430–438) | M | 2 | ||||
3 | ||||||
4 | - | |||||
W | 2 | |||||
3 | ||||||
4 | t |
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Bustaffa, E.; Curzio, O.; Donzelli, G.; Gorini, F.; Linzalone, N.; Redini, M.; Bianchi, F.; Minichilli, F. Risk Associations between Vehicular Traffic Noise Exposure and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Residential Retrospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610034
Bustaffa E, Curzio O, Donzelli G, Gorini F, Linzalone N, Redini M, Bianchi F, Minichilli F. Risk Associations between Vehicular Traffic Noise Exposure and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Residential Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):10034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610034
Chicago/Turabian StyleBustaffa, Elisa, Olivia Curzio, Gabriele Donzelli, Francesca Gorini, Nunzia Linzalone, Marco Redini, Fabrizio Bianchi, and Fabrizio Minichilli. 2022. "Risk Associations between Vehicular Traffic Noise Exposure and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Residential Retrospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 10034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610034