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Article

Does Physical Activity Reduce the Risk of Perceived Negative Health in the Smoking Population?

by
Ángel Denche-Zamorano
1,
David Manuel Mendoza-Muñoz
1,*,
Damián Pereira-Payo
1,
Manuel J. Ruiz
2,
Nicolás Contreras-Barraza
3,
José A. Iturra-González
4,
Javier Urbano-Mairena
1,
Carolina Cornejo-Orellana
5 and
María Mendoza-Muñoz
6,7
1
Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
2
Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Department of Psychology and Anthropology, Education and Psychology Faculty, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
3
Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile
4
Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
5
Escuela de Negocios y Tecnología, Universidad Gabriela Mistral, Santiago 7500533, Chile
6
Research Group on Physical and Health Literacy and Health-Related Quality of Life (PHYQOL), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
7
Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114366
Submission received: 27 September 2022 / Revised: 19 October 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 3 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Sport and Physical Activity in Population Health and Wellbeing)
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Abstract

Background: Smoking is associated with poor health status. Increased prevalence of multiple diseases has been found in populations of smokers and ex-smokers. Physical activity (PA) could reduce the negative effects of smoking. Aims: To analyze the relationships between smoking and self-perceived health and between PA level and self-perceived health, according to the relationship with smoking in the Spanish population. To calculate the risks of perceiving negative health in relation to smoking, according to the PA level of the population. Hypothesis: A higher level of PA reduces the risk of perceiving negative health in the Spanish smoking population. Design and Methodology: Cross-sectional study with data from 17,708 participants, 15–69 years old, interviewed in the Spanish National Health Survey 2017. Intergroup differences were studied. Odds ratios (OR) and relative risks (RR) and their confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for negative self-perceived health. A Spearman’s rho correlation study was performed between the variables of interest. Results: Dependency relationships were found between self-perceived health and PA levels, in both genders and in different relationships with smoking (x2 < 0.001). Inactivity was related to higher prevalences of negative health perception (p < 0.05) in all groups analyzed. Inactive smokers (OR: 6.02. 95% CI: 3.99–9.07. RR: 5.24. 95% CI: 3.56–7.73) presented increased risks of negative health perception compared to people with low/medium PA levels, similarly found in other relationships with tobacco. Conclusions: Increasing the PA level of the smoking population could reduce the negative effects on their perceived health. Medium and high PA levels reduce the risk of negative health perception in the Spanish population, both in smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers.
Keywords: health; self-perceived health; smoking; odds ratio; physical activity health; self-perceived health; smoking; odds ratio; physical activity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Denche-Zamorano, Á.; Mendoza-Muñoz, D.M.; Pereira-Payo, D.; Ruiz, M.J.; Contreras-Barraza, N.; Iturra-González, J.A.; Urbano-Mairena, J.; Cornejo-Orellana, C.; Mendoza-Muñoz, M. Does Physical Activity Reduce the Risk of Perceived Negative Health in the Smoking Population? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114366

AMA Style

Denche-Zamorano Á, Mendoza-Muñoz DM, Pereira-Payo D, Ruiz MJ, Contreras-Barraza N, Iturra-González JA, Urbano-Mairena J, Cornejo-Orellana C, Mendoza-Muñoz M. Does Physical Activity Reduce the Risk of Perceived Negative Health in the Smoking Population? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114366

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denche-Zamorano, Ángel, David Manuel Mendoza-Muñoz, Damián Pereira-Payo, Manuel J. Ruiz, Nicolás Contreras-Barraza, José A. Iturra-González, Javier Urbano-Mairena, Carolina Cornejo-Orellana, and María Mendoza-Muñoz. 2022. "Does Physical Activity Reduce the Risk of Perceived Negative Health in the Smoking Population?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114366

APA Style

Denche-Zamorano, Á., Mendoza-Muñoz, D. M., Pereira-Payo, D., Ruiz, M. J., Contreras-Barraza, N., Iturra-González, J. A., Urbano-Mairena, J., Cornejo-Orellana, C., & Mendoza-Muñoz, M. (2022). Does Physical Activity Reduce the Risk of Perceived Negative Health in the Smoking Population? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14366. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114366

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