Moderating Effect of Community and Individual Resilience on Structural Stigma and Suicidal Ideation among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Collection
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Independent Variable—Structural Stigma
2.2.2. Dependent Variables
2.2.3. Moderators
2.2.4. Confounders
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Univariate Moderation Analysis
3.3. Multivariate Moderation Analysis
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | # of Missing | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|
Suicidal ideation | 10 | 18.36 | 10.57 |
Individual resilience | 65 | 85.48 | 22.21 |
Community resilience | 67 | 33.74 | 9.37 |
Age | 10 | 38.56 | 15.72 |
# of missing | N | % | |
Structural stigma | 34 | ||
Familiar | 326 | 32.63 | |
Not familiar | 673 | 67.37 | |
Sexual orientation | 9 | ||
Bisexual | 465 | 46.97 | |
Gay | 224 | 22.63 | |
Lesbian | 160 | 16.16 | |
Other | 141 | 14.24 | |
Gender identity | 0 | ||
Female | 554 | 55.46 | |
Male | 316 | 31.63 | |
Other | 129 | 12.91 | |
Race | 0 | ||
Black | 89 | 13.22 | |
White | 498 | 74.00 | |
Other races | 52 | 7.73 | |
Multiple races | 34 | 5.05 | |
Ethnicity | 5 | ||
Non-Hispanic | 853 | 85.39 | |
Hispanic, Spanish, Latinx | 146 | 14.61 | |
Education | 5 | ||
High school degree or less | 299 | 29.93 | |
Some college, no degree or associate degree | 355 | 35.54 | |
Bachelor or higher degrees | 345 | 34.53 | |
Marital status | 5 | ||
Divorced, separated, widowed | 134 | 13.41 | |
Married or unmarried couples | 405 | 40.54 | |
Single (never married) | 460 | 46.05 | |
Employment status | 6 | ||
Employed | 484 | 48.45 | |
Homemaker, retired, student | 296 | 29.63 | |
Unable to work | 116 | 11.61 | |
Unemployed | 103 | 10.31 | |
Income | 6 | ||
Less than $20,000 | 340 | 34.03 | |
$20,000–$49,999 | 337 | 33.73 | |
$50,000 or more | 322 | 32.23 |
Variable | Estimate § | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Univariate moderation model I | |||
Structural stigma | 4.72 | (−0.41, 9.84) | 0.0714 |
Individual resilience | −0.20 | (−0.23, −0.16) | <0.0001 |
Structural stigma × Individual resilience | −0.002 | (−0.06, 0.06) | 0.9550 |
Univariate moderation model II | |||
Structural stigma | 12.29 | (7.44, 17.15) | <0.0001 |
Community resilience | −0.37 | (−0.45, −0.30) | <0.0001 |
Structural stigma × Community resilience | −0.22 | (−0.35, −0.08) | 0.0018 |
Multivariate moderation model | |||
Structural stigma | 9.96 | (4.53, 15.40) | 0.0003 |
Individual resilience | −0.15 | (−0.19, −0.11) | <0.0001 |
Community resilience | −0.19 | (−0.28, −0.10) | <0.0001 |
Structural stigma × Individual resilience | 0.06 | (−0.004, 0.13) | 0.0664 |
Structural stigma × Community resilience | −0.31 | (−0.47, −0.15) | 0.0002 |
Individual Resilience § | Community Resilience §§ | Difference | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Low | 6.46 | (4.53, | 8.40) | <0.0001 |
Low | Medium | 3.59 | (1.64, | 5.54) | 0.0003 |
Low | High | 0.73 | (−2.16, | 3.61) | 0.6215 |
Medium | Low | 7.85 | (5.85, | 9.85) | <0.0001 |
Medium | Medium | 4.98 | (3.73, | 6.24) | <0.0001 |
Medium | High | 2.12 | (0.22, | 4.01) | 0.0288 |
High | Low | 9.24 | (6.30, | 12.19) | <0.0001 |
High | Medium | 6.38 | (4.44, | 8.31) | <0.0001 |
High | High | 3.51 | (1.69, | 5.32) | 0.0002 |
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Pharr, J.R.; Chien, L.-C.; Gakh, M.; Flatt, J.D.; Kittle, K.; Terry, E. Moderating Effect of Community and Individual Resilience on Structural Stigma and Suicidal Ideation among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114526
Pharr JR, Chien L-C, Gakh M, Flatt JD, Kittle K, Terry E. Moderating Effect of Community and Individual Resilience on Structural Stigma and Suicidal Ideation among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114526
Chicago/Turabian StylePharr, Jennifer R., Lung-Chang Chien, Maxim Gakh, Jason D. Flatt, Krystal Kittle, and Emylia Terry. 2022. "Moderating Effect of Community and Individual Resilience on Structural Stigma and Suicidal Ideation among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults in the United States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114526