Exploring Hedonic and Eudaimonic Items of Well-Being in Mediterranean and Non-Mediterranean Countries: Influence of Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- to evaluate SWB in participants from various European MED and non-MED countries, using the same common measuring instrument that combines a range of hedonic and eudemonic indicators all included in the MeDiWeB questionnaire;
- (2)
- to explore the relationship between SWB and a series of sociodemographic and health related factors as well as Mediterranean lifestyle habits, including MD adherence.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Ethics
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Characteristics
3.2. General Overview of SWB
3.3. SWB 9-Item Tool: Properties and Estimation of the SWB Score
3.4. Correlations Analyses and Multiple Regression Model: Association between the SWB Score and the Sociodemographic, Health Status and Lifestyle Factors
4. Discussion
- (1)
- A general moderate perception of SWB across European MED and non-MED countries, in agreement with the ranks reported in Eurostat regarding life satisfaction in 2018 (i.e., 58.6% of Europeans were classified into medium life satisfaction, 25% into high life satisfaction, and 16.4% reported low life satisfaction) [50];
- (2)
- There is a slightly higher SWB perception in participants from the MED countries, than in those of the non-MED countries, with Spanish participants displaying the highest position in the ranking. These results do not appear to have been much altered in recent years;
- (3)
- The measured differences in the SWB score between the countries are rather small, and thus confirming the exact ranking for each country is not a trivial task.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | MED | Non-MED | p-Value 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2400 | 1474 | 926 | |
Sex | ||||
Men (%) | 801 (33.3) | 535 (36.3) | 265 (28.6) | 0.000 |
Women (%) | 1588 (66.6) | 937 (63.7) | 661 (71.4) | |
Age | ||||
Median (IQR) | 38.0 (24.0) | 41.0 (26.0) | 35.0 (22.0) | |
Mean ± SD | 38.9 ± 14.1 | 40.1 ± 14.2 | 36.7 ± 13.7 | 0.000 |
Marital status N (%) | ||||
Single | 934 (39.2) | 585 (39.8) | 349 (38.3) | 0.012 |
Married or analogous relationship | 1231 (51.7) | 738 (50.2) | 493 (54.0) | |
Divorced or separated | 190 (8.0) | 134 (9.1) | 56 (6.1) | |
Widowed | 26 (1.1) | 12 (0.8) | 14 (1.5) | |
Education level N (%) | ||||
Middle school | 45.0 (1.9) | 43.0 (2.9) | 2 (0.2) | 0.000 |
High school | 605 (25.3) | 259 (17.6) | 346 (37.8) | |
University degree | 959 (40.2) | 751 (51.0) | 208 (22.8) | |
Master’s degree | 524 (21.9) | 246 (16.7) | 278 (30.3) | |
Ph.D. | 255 (10.7) | 174 (11.8) | 81 (8.8) | |
Employment status N (%) | ||||
Student | 507 (21.2) | 286 (19.5) | 221 (24.1) | 0.004 |
Employed | 1555 (65.1) | 958 (65.2) | 597 (64.8) | |
Unemployed part of the year | 94 (3.9) | 70 (4.8) | 24 (2.6) | |
Unemployed | 150 (6.3) | 102 (6.9) | 48 (5.2) | |
Pensioner (retired, disability) | 84 (3.5) | 53 (3.6) | 31 (3.4) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
Median (IQR) | 23.70 (5.30) | 23.70 (4.90) | 23.70 (6.30) | 0.789 |
Mean ± SD | 24.41 ± 4.55 | 24.33 ± 4.21 | 24.55 ± 5.05 | |
Disease status N (%) | ||||
Non diagnosed pathology | 1842 (79.0) | 1079 (75.2) | 763 (84.9) | 0.000 |
Diagnosed pathology | 491 (21.0) | 355 (24.8) | 136 (15.1) |
Total | MED | Non-MED | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking N (%) | ||||
Non-smoking | 1847 (77.4) | 1227 (83.4) | 620 (67.9) | 0.000 |
Smoker | 538 (22.6) | 245 (16.6) | 293 (32.1) | |
Sleeping hours per night N (%) | ||||
<6 h | 431 (18.0) | 267 (18.1) | 164 (17.9) | 0.000 |
From 6 to 7 h | 1107 (46.4) | 708 (48.1) | 399 (43.0) | |
From 7 to 8 h | 668 (28.0) | 430 (29.2) | 238 (26.1) | |
From 8 to 10 h | 163 (6.9) | 64 (4.3) | 99 (10.9) | |
>10 h | 17 (0.7) | 3 (0.2) | 14 (1.5) | |
Do you sleep ‘siesta’? N (%) | ||||
No | 1250 (52.1) | 741 (50.3) | 509 (55.1) | 0.005 |
Yes, but only occasionally | 873 (36.4) | 541 (36.7) | 332 (36.0) | |
Yes, frequently | 273 (11.4) | 190 (13.0) | 83 (9.0) | |
Time spent in contact with nature N (%) | ||||
Never | 234 (9.8) | 128 (8.7) | 106 (11.6) | 0.000 |
Occasionally | 650 (27.4) | 456 (31.1) | 194 (21.4) | |
Sometimes | 924 (38.9) | 517 (35.2) | 407 (44.7) | |
Frequently | 496 (20.9) | 325 (22.2) | 171 (18.8) | |
Almost all the time | 72 (3.0) | 40 (2.7) | 32 (3.5) | |
Time spent with family N (%) | ||||
Never | 79 (3.3) | 39 (2.7) | 40 (4.5) | 0.000 |
Occasionally | 321 (13.6) | 172 (11.7) | 149 (16.6) | |
Sometimes | 617 (26.2) | 384 (26.3) | 233 (26.0) | |
Frequently | 872 (37.0) | 598 (40.8) | 274 (30.7) | |
Almost all the time | 468 (19.9) | 271 (18.5) | 197 (22.1) | |
Time spent with friends N (%) | ||||
Never | 107 (4.6) | 62 (4.2) | 45 (5.1) | 0.292 |
Occasionally | 508 (21.6) | 305 (20.8) | 203 (22.9) | |
Sometimes | 972 (41.5) | 605 (41.4) | 367 (41.5) | |
Frequently | 636 (27.1) | 416 (28.2) | 220 (24.8) | |
Almost all the time | 123 (5.3) | 74 (5.1) | 49 (5.6) | |
Daily normal activity N (%) | ||||
Normally sat down, don’t walk very much | 1082 (45.7) | 595 (40.6) | 487 (53.9) | 0.000 |
Sometime walking, don’t do strenuous effort | 944 (39.8) | 629 (43.0) | 315 (34.7) | |
A lot of time walking, frequent strenuous effort | 281 (11.9) | 199 (13.7) | 82 (9.0) | |
A lot of strenuous effort, hard work activity | 61 (2.6) | 40 (2.7) | 21 (2.3) | |
Leisure activity N (%) | ||||
Activities that do not require physical activity | 782 (33.0) | 449 (30.5) | 333 (37.0) | 0.000 |
Relaxing activities sometimes per week | 1085 (45.7) | 621 (42.2) | 464 (51.4) | |
Sport or intense physical activity | 505 (21.3) | 400 (27.3) | 105 (11.6) | |
Sport practicing N (%) | ||||
Never | 580 (25.6) | 358 (26.7) | 222 (24.2) | 0.000 |
Occasionally | 793 (35.1) | 345 (25.7) | 448 (49.0) | |
Regularly (<150 min per week) | 452 (20.0) | 253 (18.8) | 199 (21.7) | |
Regularly (≥150 min per week) | 434 (19.2) | 386 (28.8) | 48 (5.2) | |
Who do you share mean meals with? N (%) | ||||
Alone | 461 (19.3) | 238 (16.2) | 223 (24.2) | 0.000 |
With family or friends | 1931 (80.7) | 1234 (83.8) | 697 (75.8) | |
Number of meals per day N (%) | ||||
≤Two | 327 (13.8) | 81 (5.5) | 246 (27.3) | 0.000 |
Three | 888 (37.4) | 473 (32.1) | 415 (46.2) | |
Four | 642 (27.1) | 479 (32.5) | 163 (18.2) | |
Five | 434 (18.3) | 376 (25.6) | 58 (6.4) | |
≥Six | 80 (3.4) | 63 (4.3) | 17 (1.9) | |
14-MEDAS score 1 | ||||
Median (IQR) | 7.0 (3.0) | 7.00 (3.00) | 5.00 (3.00) | 0.000 |
Mean ± SD | 6.56 ± 2.13 | 7.34 ± 1.85 | 5.57 ± 1.82 |
Items (0 = Not at All to 10 = Completely/All the Time) | Total | MED | Non-MED | p-Value | SMD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eudaimonic Items | |||||
“Overall, to what extent do you feel that the things you do in your life are worthwhile?” | 8.00 (2.00) 7.66 ± 1.75 (2394) | 8.00 (2.00) 7.84 ± 1.46 (1473) | 8.00 (3.00) 7.36 ± 2.11 (921) | 0.000 | 0.27 |
“Last week, how efficient did you normally feel in the middle of the day?” | 7.00 (3.00) 6.50 ± 1.92 (2393) | 7.00 (2.00) 6.63 ± 1.75 (1473) | 6.00 (3.00) 6.28 ± 2.16 (920) | 0.000 | 0.18 |
“Last week, how energetic did you normally feel in the middle of the day?” | 6.00 (3.00) 6.20 ± 2.00 (2387) | 7.00 (3.00) 6.33 ± 1.80 (1470) | 6.00 (3.00) 6.00 ± 2.27 (917) | 0.000 | 0.17 |
“During last week, how often did you feel confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?” | 7.00 (2.00) 6.87 ± 2.22 (2380) | 7.00 (2.00) 6.95 ± 2.04 (1470) | 7.00 (4.00) 6.76 ± 2.48 (910) | 0.477 | 0.09 |
“During last week, how often did you feel that you were unable to cope with all the things you had to do?” | 4.00 (5.00) 4.28 ± 2.88 (2343) | 4.00 (5.00) 4.35 ± 2.83 (1471) | 4.00 (4.00) 4.18 ± 2.97 (872) | 0.104 | 0.06 |
Hedonic items | |||||
“Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?” | 7.00 (2.00) 7.11 ± 1.97 (2377) | 8.00 (1.00) 7.48 ± 1.50 (1473) | 7.00 (3.00) 6.50 ± 2.44 (904) | 0.000 | 0.50 |
“How happy did you feel during the last week?” | 7.00 (3.00) 6.81 ± 2.09 (2388) | 7.00 (2.00) 6.95 ± 1.86 (1473) | 7.00 (3.00) 6.59 ± 2.40 (915) | 0.002 | 0.17 |
“How worried did you feel during the last week?” | 6.00 (5.00) 5.56 ± 2.68 (2364) | 6.00 (4.00) 5.74 ± 2.54 (1472) | 5.00 (5.00) 5.26 ± 2.86 (892) | 0.000 | 0.18 |
“Did you feel depressed during the last week?” | 2.00 (4.00) 3.24 ± 2.88 (2325) | 2.00 (4.00) 3.17 ± 2.76 (1469) | 3.00 (6.00) 3.36 ± 3.07 (856) | 0.789 | −0.07 |
“Last week, how tired did you normally feel in the middle of the day?” | 5.00 (4.00) 5.13 ± 2.41 (2368) | 5.00 (4.00) 5.11 ± 2.28 (1472) | 5.00 (4.00) 5.17 ± 2.60 (896) | 0.938 | −0.02 |
“During last week, how often did you feel nervous and stressed?” | 5.00 (4.00) 5.14 ± 2.73 (2380) | 6.00 (4.00) 5.21 ± 2.67 (1472) | 5.00 (4.00) 5.04 ± 2.83 (908) | 0.087 | 0.06 |
SWB 9-Item Tool | C1 Loadings 1 | C2 Loadings 1 | |
---|---|---|---|
SWB items | Life worthwhile | 0.78 | |
Efficient | 0.75 | ||
Life satisfaction | 0.73 | ||
Energetic | 0.73 | ||
Feeling happy | 0.64 | ||
Feeling nervous and stressed | 0.85 | ||
Feeling worried | 0.81 | ||
Unable to cope | 0.75 | ||
Feeling depressed | 0.68 | ||
% of total variance | 61.8 | 31.7 | 30.1 |
Eigenvalues 2 | 4.007 | 1.553 | |
Model adequacy 3: KMO/ Bartlett’s | 0.83/0.000 | ||
Cronbach’s Alpha 4 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.81 |
Composite Reliability 5 | 0.85 | 0.86 | |
Convergent Validity 6 | 0.54 | 0.61 |
Scale 0 = Not at All to 10 = Completely/All the Time | Total | MED | Non-MED | p-Value | SMD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pooled 9-item score 1 | |||||
Median (IQR) | 6.3 (2.1) | 6.4 (2.1) | 6.1 (2.3) | 0.13 | |
Mean ± SD | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 6.3 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 1.6 | ||
N (% of respondents) 2 | 2261 (94.2%) | 1465 (99.4%) | 796 (86.0%) | 0.002 | |
C1 (positive perceptions) 3 | |||||
Median (IQR) | 7.0 (1.8) | 7.2 (1.4) | 6.8 (2.4) | 0.26 | |
Mean ± SD | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | ||
N (% of respondents) | 2356 (97.9%) | 1470 (99.7%) | 886 (95.7%) | 0.000 | |
C2 (negative perceptions) 4 | |||||
Median (IQR) | 4.5 (4.0) | 4.7 (3.5) | 4.5 (3.5) | 0.04 | |
Mean ± SD | 4.6 ± 2.2 | 4.6 ± 2.2 | 4.5 ± 2.3 | ||
N (% of respondents) | 2289 (95.1%) | 1466 (99.5%) | 823 (88.9%) | 0.115 |
Variables 1 | Correlation Coefficient (ρ) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Sociodemographic | ||
Age | 0.107 | 0.000 |
Sex (ref = men) | −0.107 | 0.000 |
Employment status (ref = full time job) | −0.093 | 0.000 |
Marital status (ref = single) | 0.051 | 0.032 |
Education level | 0.010 | 0.682 |
Household | 0.023 | 0.343 |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoking (ref = no smoking) | −0.047 | 0.047 |
Rest | ||
Sleeping hours at night | 0.148 | 0.000 |
Sleeping ‘Siesta’ | −0.018 | 0.445 |
Physical activity | ||
Daily normal activity | 0.062 | 0.009 |
Leisure activity | 0.057 | 0.016 |
Sport practicing | 0.057 | 0.017 |
Food habits | ||
MD adherence | 0.067 | 0.005 |
Meals per day | 0.003 | 0.889 |
Social habits | ||
Sharing meals | 0.035 | 0.143 |
Time spent with family | 0.058 | 0.015 |
Time spent with friends | 0.105 | 0.000 |
Time spent in nature | 0.070 | 0.003 |
Health status | ||
Pathology (ref = no pathology) | −0.075 | 0.002 |
BMI | −0.005 | 0.835 |
9-Item SWB Score | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable 1 | T | SE | β | p-Value |
Age | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.113 | 0.000 |
Sex | −0.324 | 0.070 | −0.101 | 0.000 |
Marital status | 0.237 | 0.074 | 0.078 | 0.002 |
Employment status | −0.375 | 0.078 | −0.116 | 0.000 |
Pathology | −0.289 | 0.082 | −0.078 | 0.000 |
Smoking | −0.208 | 0.081 | −0.056 | 0.010 |
Sleeping hours at night | 0.252 | 0.040 | 0.140 | 0.000 |
MD adherence | 0.061 | 0.018 | 0.081 | 0.001 |
Daily normal activity | 0.097 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.025 |
Leisure activity | 0.151 | 0.059 | 0.074 | 0.010 |
Sport practicing | 0.094 | 0.040 | 0.067 | 0.019 |
Time spent with friends | 0.198 | 0.039 | 0.120 | 0.000 |
Time spent with family | 0.104 | 0.034 | 0.071 | 0.002 |
Time spent in nature | 0.141 | 0.036 | 0.089 | 0.000 |
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Andrade, V.; Quarta, S.; Tagarro, M.; Miloseva, L.; Massaro, M.; Chervenkov, M.; Ivanova, T.; Jorge, R.; Maksimova, V.; Smilkov, K.; et al. Exploring Hedonic and Eudaimonic Items of Well-Being in Mediterranean and Non-Mediterranean Countries: Influence of Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031715
Andrade V, Quarta S, Tagarro M, Miloseva L, Massaro M, Chervenkov M, Ivanova T, Jorge R, Maksimova V, Smilkov K, et al. Exploring Hedonic and Eudaimonic Items of Well-Being in Mediterranean and Non-Mediterranean Countries: Influence of Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031715
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrade, Vanda, Stefano Quarta, Marta Tagarro, Lence Miloseva, Marika Massaro, Mihail Chervenkov, Teodora Ivanova, Rui Jorge, Viktorija Maksimova, Katarina Smilkov, and et al. 2022. "Exploring Hedonic and Eudaimonic Items of Well-Being in Mediterranean and Non-Mediterranean Countries: Influence of Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031715