Job Exposure Matrix for Chrysotile Asbestos Fibre in the Asbestos Cement Manufacturing (ACM) Industry in Zimbabwe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Analysis
2.2. Ethics
3. Results
Analysis of Presence of Amphiboles in Samples Collected from Bags of Raw Chrysotile Materials Used for Manufacturing AC Products in the Bulawayo Factory
4. Discussion
Strength and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Job | Job Description | Time Period | Harare Factory (Tr, Anth, Cr, Act) | p-Value | Bulawayo Factory (Tr, Anth, Cr, Act) | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Range | N | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Range | |||||
(f/mL) | LB UB | Min Max | (f/mL) | LB UB | Min Max | |||||||
Saw cutting operator (1023) | Cutting by saw asbestos sheets and facia boards to size | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 * | 60 88 77 29 | 0.19 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.19 0.19 0.12 0.13 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.11 | 0.16 0.24 0.08 0.18 0.03 0.11 0.06 0.15 | <0.001 | 50 49 14 24 | 0.17 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.16 0.18 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.06 | 0.12 0.24 0.09 0.16 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.07 | <0.001 |
Fettling table operator (1023) | Scrapping/polishing AC moulded goods | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 * | 53 73 Nil 4 | 0.12 ± 04 0.12 ± 02 - 0.11 ± 03 | 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.13 - 0.05 0.16 | 0.05 0.18 0.05 0.19 - 0.06 0.14 | 0.561 | 40 11 - - | 0.17 ± 0.06 0.12 ± 0.03 - - | 0.16 0.19 0.10 0.14 - - | 0.07 0.30 0.06 0.15 - - | <0.001 |
Moulded goods operator (1024) | Moulding of AC goods under wet conditions | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 * | 58 82 52 5 | 0.11 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.04 0.05 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.10 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.13 | 0.04 0.20 0.03 0.18 0.03 0.08 0.08 0.13 | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | - |
Kollergang operator (1021) | Opening of & loading chrysotile bags into process machine and operate machine | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 * | 58 81 64 9 | 0.13 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.02 0.07 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.12 0.06 0.07 0.11 0.13 | 0.05 0.20 0.04 0.16 0.04 0.11 0.10 0.13 | <0.001 | 36 42 33 15 | 0.14 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.13 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.07 | 0.08 0.24 0.08 0.14 0.03 0.18 0.03 0.09 | <0.001 |
Ground hard waste operator (1021) | Feeding AC waste materials into grinder machine | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 * | 57 56 55 8 | 0.16 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.14 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.13 | 0.08 0.22 0.03 0.20 0.02 0.17 0.11 0.13 | <0.001 | 44 15 5 12 | 0.13 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.06 | 0.07 0.24 0.08 0.13 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.08 | <0.001 |
Laundry room operator (1024) | Laundering of PPC using wash machine | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 * | 47 87 15 14 | 0.13 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.12 | 0.06 0.20 0.06 0.21 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.14 | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | |
Pipe joints operator (1023) | Lathe machining of AC joints pipes | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 | - | - | - | - | - | 44 46 9 4 | 0.13 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.08 | 0.06 0.30 0.08 0.15 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.08 | <0.001 |
Full length pipe operator (1023) | Lathe machining & polishing of full-length AC pipe joints | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 | - | - | - | - | - | 43 45 9 - | 0.13 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.02 - | 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.05 0.08 - | 0.06 0.27 0.07 0.14 0.04 0.08 - | <0.001 |
Multi-cutter operator (1023) | Cutting full length pipes into collars for coupling pipes | 1996–2000 2001–2008 2009–2016 2018–2020 | - | - | - | - | - | 26 36 2 2 | 0.13 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.00 0.11 | 0.05 0.20 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.20 0.04 0.05 | <0.001 |
Harare Factory | Bulawayo Factory | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operator | df | F | p-Value | df | F | p-Value |
Saw cutting operator | 2, 250 | 519.6 | <0.001 | 3, 134 | 236.8 | <0.001 |
Fettling table operator | 2, 127 | 0.6 | 0.561 | 1, 49 | 5.2 | <0.001 |
Moulded goods operator | 3, 193 | 59.2 | <0.001 | - | - | - |
Kollrgang operator | 3, 208 | 83.3 | <0.001 | 3, 123 | 68.9 | <0.001 |
Ground hard waste | 3, 172 | 96.9 | <0.001 | 3, 73 | 18.2 | <0.001 |
Laundry | 3, 169 | 48.0 | <0.001 | 2, 26 | 5.0 | <0.001 |
Pipe joints | - | - | - | 3, 100 | 24.8 | <0.001 |
Full-length | - | - | - | 2, 26 | 20.6 | <0.001 |
Multicutter | - | - | - | 3, 62 | 9.3 | <0.001 |
Chrysotile Sample | EDS Result |
---|---|
Local 01 | Straight and curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon Chrysotile and tremolite detected in sample |
Local 02 | Straight and curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile, tremolite and anthophyllite detected in the sample |
Local 03 | Straight and curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile, tremolite and anthophyllite detected in the sample |
Local 04 | Curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon Chrysotile only detected in the sample |
Local 05 | Curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile only detected in the sample |
Local 06 | Curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon Chrysotile and tremolite detected in the sample |
Imported 01 | Curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile and tremolite detected in the sample |
Imported 02 | Curved and straight fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile, crocidolite and tremolite detected in the sample. |
Imported 03 | Curved and straight fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite and actinolite detected in the sample |
Imported 04 | Curved and straight fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile, tremolite and actinolite detected in the sample |
Imported 05 | Curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile only detected in the sample |
Imported 06 | Curved fibres exhibited peaks of magnesium and silicon. Chrysotile and tremolite detected in the sample |
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Mutetwa, B.; Moyo, D.; Brouwer, D. Job Exposure Matrix for Chrysotile Asbestos Fibre in the Asbestos Cement Manufacturing (ACM) Industry in Zimbabwe. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052680
Mutetwa B, Moyo D, Brouwer D. Job Exposure Matrix for Chrysotile Asbestos Fibre in the Asbestos Cement Manufacturing (ACM) Industry in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052680
Chicago/Turabian StyleMutetwa, Benjamin, Dingani Moyo, and Derk Brouwer. 2022. "Job Exposure Matrix for Chrysotile Asbestos Fibre in the Asbestos Cement Manufacturing (ACM) Industry in Zimbabwe" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052680