Pharmacist Intention to Provide Medication Therapy Management Services in Saudi Arabia: A Study Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design, Population, and Samples
2.2. Survey Development and Administration
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics and Practice-Setting Characteristics
3.2. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) Constructs
3.2.1. Intention to Provide MTM Services
3.2.2. Attitude towards Provision of MTM Services
3.2.3. Subjective Norms
3.2.4. Perceived Behavioural Control over Provision of MTM Services
3.3. MTM Knowledge
3.4. Predictors of Pharmacist Intention
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n | % |
---|---|---|
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | (30.33 ± 6.91) | |
Gender | ||
Male | 101 | 67.79 |
Female | 48 | 32.21 |
Marital status | ||
Never married | 74 | 49.66 |
Married | 66 | 44.30 |
Separated | 4 | 2.68 |
Widowed | 3 | 2.01 |
Divorced | 2 | 1.34 |
Job location in Saudi region | ||
Riyadh | 77 | 51.68 |
Makkah | 17 | 11.41 |
Al-Qassim | 13 | 8.72 |
Eastern | 12 | 8.05 |
Asir | 6 | 4.03 |
Al-Madinah | 5 | 3.36 |
Tabuk | 5 | 3.36 |
Jazan | 5 | 3.36 |
The North Border | 4 | 2.68 |
Others 1 | 4 | 2.68 |
Total monthly income | ||
≤5000 | 31 | 20.81 |
5000–10,000 | 34 | 22.82 |
10,001–15,000 | 46 | 30.87 |
15,001–20,000 | 24 | 16.11 |
20,001–25,000 | 5 | 3.36 |
25,001–30,000 | 7 | 4.70 |
≥30,000 | 2 | 1.34 |
Highest pharmacy education level 2 | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 69 | 46.31 |
PharmD degree | 60 | 40.27 |
Master’s degree | 17 | 11.41 |
Other 3 | 3 | 2.01 |
Years of pharmacy experience (mean ± SD) | (4.55 ± 5.426) | |
Completed a pharmacy residency program | ||
No | 119 | 79.87 |
Yes, general residency | 25 | 16.78 |
Yes, specialised residency | 5 | 3.36 |
Nationality | ||
Saudi Arabian | 126 | 84.56 |
Egyptian | 19 | 12.75 |
Other 4 | 4 | 2.68 |
Country where latest pharmacy degree or training was obtained | ||
Saudi Arabia | 120 | 80.54 |
Egypt | 17 | 11.41 |
The United States | 4 | 2.68 |
The United Kingdom | 3 | 2.01 |
Other 5 | 5 | 3.36 |
Pharmacy job setting | ||
Community | 64 | 42.95 |
Hospital | 85 | 57.05 |
Community pharmacy job position | ||
Staff pharmacist | 47 | 73.44 |
Pharmacy manager | 12 | 18.75 |
Pharmacy supervisor | 5 | 7.81 |
Hospital pharmacy job position 6 | ||
Staff pharmacist | 50 | 58.82 |
Clinical pharmacist | 21 | 24.71 |
Pharmacy supervisor | 6 | 7.06 |
Pharmacy Manager | 4 | 4.71 |
Other 7 | 2 | 2.35 |
Hospital pharmacy setting 8 | ||
Outpatient pharmacy | 39 | 45.88 |
Inpatient pharmacy | 24 | 28.24 |
clinical pharmacy | 20 | 23.53 |
Main pharmacy | 1 | 1.18 |
Healthcare institution level | ||
Primary healthcare institution | 30 | 35.29 |
Secondary healthcare institution | 28 | 32.94 |
Tertiary healthcare institution | 27 | 31.76 |
Average hours of work per week (mean ± SD) | (34.75 ± 21.50) | |
Previously provided MTM services | ||
Yes | 103 | 69.13 |
No | 16 | 30.87 |
Number of years providing MTM services (mean ± SD) | (2.59 ± 3.94) | |
Relation received or currently receiving MTM services | ||
Yes | 67 | 44.97 |
No | 82 | 55.03 |
Items | Mean (±SD) | Frequency n (%) 8 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||
Intention | ||||||||
I expect to provide MTM services for my patients 1 | 5.92 (±1.44) | 3 (2.01) | 3 (2.01) | 4 (2.68) | 12 (8.05) | 25 (16.78) | 27 (18.12) | 75 (50.34) |
I want to provide MTM services for my patients 1 | 6.30 (±1.44) | 2 (1.34) | 1 (0.67) | 1 (0.67) | 13 (8.72) | 12 (8.05) | 21 (14.09) | 99 (66.44) |
I intend to provide MTM services for my patients 1 | 6.05 (±1.26) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.01) | 5 (3.36) | 11 (7.38) | 20 (13.42) | 33 (22.15) | 77 (51.68) |
Domain Average Total | 6.09 (±1.15) | Cronbach’s alpha = 0.85 | ||||||
Attitude | ||||||||
Providing MTM services to patients is… 2 | 6.26 (±1.20) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.67) | 7 (4.70) | 9 (6.04) | 14 (9.40) | 23 (15.44) | 95 (63.76) |
Providing MTM services to patients is… 3 | 6.20 (±1.19) | 1 (0.67) | 0 (0) | 4 (2.68) | 10 (6.71) | 24 (16.11) | 19 (12.75) | 91 (61.07) |
Providing MTM services to patients is… 4 | 5.97 (±1.41) | 3 (2.01) | 2 (1.34) | 2 (1.34) | 18 (12.08) | 19 (12.75) | 25 (16.78) | 80 (53.69) |
Providing MTM services to patients is… 5 | 6.17 (±1.33) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.01) | 7 (4.70) | 12 (8.05) | 13 (8.72) | 18 (12.08) | 96 (64.43) |
Domain Average Total | 6.15 (±1.12) | Cronbach’s α = 0.85 | ||||||
Subjective norms | ||||||||
Most people who are important to me think that -------------- provide MTM services for my patients 6 | 5.62 (±1.48) | 3 (2.01) | 1 (0.67) | 8 (5.37) | 24 (16.11) | 25 (16.78) | 28 (18.79) | 60 (40.27) |
It is expected of me that I will provide MTM services for my patients 1 | 5.96 (±1.31) | 2 (1.34) | 2 (1.34) | 2 (1.34) | 17 (11.41) | 17 (11.41) | 40 (26.85) | 69 (46.31) |
I feel under social pressure to provide MTM services for my patients 1 | 4.51 (±1.91) | 18 (12.08) | 12 (8.05) | 9 (6.04) | 25 (16.78) | 28 (18.79) | 36 (24.16) | 21 (14.09) |
People who are important to me want me to provide MTM services for my patients 1 | 5.57 (±1.33) | 1 (0.67) | 4 (2.68) | 2 (1.34) | 25 (16.78) | 34 (22.82) | 36 (24.16) | 47 (31.54) |
Domain Average Total | 5.41 (±1.03) | Cronbach’s α = 0.61 | ||||||
Perceived behavioural control | ||||||||
I am confident that I could provide MTM services for my patients if I want to do so 1 | 5.62 (±1.41) | 2 (1.34) | 3 (2.01) | 6 (4.03) | 19 (12.75) | 33 (22.15) | 32 (21.48) | 54 (36.24) |
It is easy for me to provide MTM services for my patients 7 | 5.0 (±1.40) | 1 (0.67) | 5 (3.36) | 9 (6.04) | 44 (29.53) | 34 (22.82) | 25 (16.78) | 31 (20.81) |
The decision to provide MTM services for my patients is beyond my control 1 | 4.85 (±1.66) | 8 (5.37) | 5 (3.36) | 16 (10.74) | 31 (20.81) | 31 (20.81) | 29 (19.46) | 29 (19.46) |
Whether I provide MTM services for my patients is entirely my decision 1 | 4.41 (±1.74) | 14 (9.40) | 11 (7.38) | 11 (7.38) | 36 (24.16) | 38 (25.5) | 19 (12.75) | 20 (13.42) |
Domain Average Total | 4.98 (±1.05) | Cronbach’s α = 0.59 |
Item | True 1 | False 1 |
---|---|---|
MTM is defined as a service or group of services that optimise therapeutic outcomes for individual patients | 146 (97.99) | 3 (2.01) |
Core elements of MTM service are medication therapy review (MTR), personal medication record (PMR), medication-related action plan (MAP), intervention or referral, and documentation and follow-up | 136 (91.28) | 13 (8.72) |
The goals of MTM services are to improve understanding of medication use, medication adherence, and detection of MRPs | 132 (88.59) | 17 (11.41) |
Any patient who uses prescription or non-prescription medications, herbal products, or other dietary supplements could potentially benefit from MTM services | 134 (89.93) | 15 (10.07) |
The primary role of MTM service is to facilitate adherence and disease state management | 126 (84.56) | 23 (15.44) |
MTM can be provided by any healthcare provider | 75 (50.34) | 74 (49.66) |
Average domain total | 4.30 ( ± 1.00) |
Variable | β | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||
Age | −0.005 | −0.035 | 0.025 | 0.748 |
Current working geographical region (Riyadh vs. other) | 0.180 | −0.095 | 0.455 | 0.197 |
Pharmacy residency programme (Completed vs. none) | 0.546 | 0.208 | 0.885 | 0.002 * |
Pharmacy experience (years) | 0.021 | −0.017 | 0.059 | 0.282 |
Relation received MTM | 0.012 | −0.276 | 0.299 | 0.937 |
Hours worked per week | 0.001 | −0.006 | 0.008 | 0.745 |
Previously provided MTM | −0.541 | −1.475 | 0.393 | 0.254 |
Attitude | 0.603 | 0.461 | 0.745 | <0.001 * |
Subjective norms | 0.029 | −0.127 | 0.185 | 0.715 |
Perceived behavioural control | 0.068 | −0.066 | 0.202 | 0.317 |
MTM knowledge | 1.020 | 0.129 | 1.911 | 0.025 * |
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Alshehri, A.M.; Alenazi, O.S.; Almutairi, S.A.; Alali, A.Z.; Almogbel, Y.S.; Alonazi, R.E.; Alkhelaifi, H.A.; Alshehri, W.M.; Alsehli, F.A. Pharmacist Intention to Provide Medication Therapy Management Services in Saudi Arabia: A Study Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095279
Alshehri AM, Alenazi OS, Almutairi SA, Alali AZ, Almogbel YS, Alonazi RE, Alkhelaifi HA, Alshehri WM, Alsehli FA. Pharmacist Intention to Provide Medication Therapy Management Services in Saudi Arabia: A Study Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095279
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlshehri, Ahmed M., Omar S. Alenazi, Salman A. Almutairi, Ali Z. Alali, Yasser S. Almogbel, Rana E. Alonazi, Hind A. Alkhelaifi, Waleed M. Alshehri, and Faisal A. Alsehli. 2022. "Pharmacist Intention to Provide Medication Therapy Management Services in Saudi Arabia: A Study Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095279