Characterization of Three Types of Recycled Aggregates from Different Construction and Demolition Waste: An Experimental Study for Waste Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Physical Characterization
2.2. Chemical Characterization
3. Analysis of Results
3.1. Study of the Physical Properties of Recycled Aggregates
3.1.1. Fine Content
3.1.2. Fineness Modulus
3.1.3. Friability Coefficient
3.1.4. Set Density
3.1.5. Relative Density
3.1.6. Water Absorption
3.1.7. Granulometric Analysis
3.2. Chemical Characterization of Recycled Aggregates
3.2.1. X-ray Diffraction
3.2.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.2.3. X-ray Fluorescence
3.2.4. Chloride and Total Sulfur Content
4. Discussion
- It has been possible to corroborate that a high content of fines is produced during the process of elaboration of recycled aggregates, and, as these aggregates reach a high modulus of fineness. Regarding the performed statistical analysis, it can be observed that there are no significant differences in terms of the content in fines for three types of recycled aggregates. The fineness modulus of the RA–Mix presents significantly higher values for this property compared to the rest of tested aggregates at 99.7% confidence.
- The coefficient of friability of the aggregates is also impaired because of the recycling process. Once the statistical analysis has been conducted, it has been observed that there are significant differences for three types of analyzed aggregates, being the recycled concrete aggregate the one that shows the best properties.
- Regarding the relative density and overall density values obtained, it has been possible to verify that RA–Con has obtained significantly higher values compared to the other two recycled aggregates. These higher density values make it the optimal aggregate for the preparation of masonry mortars and concrete if higher mechanical resistance is to be achieved.
- Regarding the water absorption, all the aggregates have presented statistically significant differences, being the RA–Cer the recycled aggregate that has presented a higher percentage for this property, and the RA–Con is one which shows the lowest values. However, despite their high absorption, these recycled aggregates can be used as raw material for the manufacture of mortars and concrete.
- Lastly, it has been verified that three types of recycled aggregates used in this research present a continuous granulometry within the limits established by the reference regulations for the preparation of masonry mortars. This continuous granulometry favors the workability of the binder material mixture and has a positive effect on its mechanical properties.
- From the analysis of X-ray diffraction for three types of recycled aggregates, it has been observed that the predominant crystalline phases are quartz and calcite, as they have higher relative abundance. Although other secondary crystalline phases such as albite, sanidine, phlogopite, gypsum, and baseite have been found.
- Regarding the thermogravimetric analysis, it has been observed that the content of calcite and gypsum compounds is higher in the aggregate samples from ceramic waste. These results show that RA–Cer is the least suitable recycled aggregate for the fabrication of structural concretes.
- With the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the composition of the aggregates conducted by employing X-ray fluorescence, it has been possible to verify that these recycled aggregates are mainly composed of calcium and aluminum silicates.
- Finally, the content of water-soluble chlorides and total sulfur presented percentages are lower than 0.06% and 1%, respectively, values set as maximum admissible in construction aggregates.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | RA–Con | RA–Cer | RA–Mix | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | W Statistic | p-Value | W Statistic | p-Value | W Statistic | p-Value |
Fine content | 0.928636 | 0.092688 | 0.968940 | 0.641494 | 0.974845 | 0.779908 |
Fineness modulus | 0.938668 | 0.156609 | 0.959768 | 0.440422 | 0.974616 | 0.774718 |
Friability | 0.963739 | 0.522800 | 0.958691 | 0.419649 | 0.942720 | 0.192893 |
Set density | 0.949215 | 0.267455 | 0.920243 | 0.059527 | 0.963892 | 0.526158 |
Relative density | 0.979905 | 0.884980 | 0.933410 | 0.119093 | 0.958022 | 0.407095 |
Absorption | 0.976486 | 0.706861 | 0.936322 | 0.050249 | 0.950606 | 0.144408 |
ANOVA | Typical Deviation (%) | Variation Coefficient | Confidence Interval (99.7%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA | Quantity | Average (%) | Homogeneous Groups | |||
Con | 24 | 5.17 | X | 0.964 | 0.186 | [2.28; 8.10] |
Mix | 24 | 5.48 | X | 0.799 | 0.146 | [3.08; 7.88] |
Cer | 24 | 5.63 | X | 0.796 | 0.141 | [3.24; 8.02] |
ANOVA | Typical Deviation (%) | Variation Coefficient | Confidence Interval (99.7%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA | Quantity | Average (%) | Homogeneous Groups | |||
Con | 24 | 4.84 | X | 0.614 | 0.127 | [3.00; 6.68] |
Mix | 24 | 5.33 | XX | 0.565 | 0.106 | [3.64; 7,03] |
Cer | 24 | 5.02 | X | 0.469 | 0.093 | [3.61; 6.43] |
ANOVA | Typical Deviation (%) | Variation Coefficient | Confidence Interval (99.7%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA | Quantity | Average (%) | Homogeneous Groups | |||
Con | 24 | 24.60 | X | 0.682 | 0.028 | [22.55; 26.65] |
Mix | 24 | 27.10 | X | 0.797 | 0.029 | [24.71; 29.49] |
Cer | 24 | 26.26 | X | 0.660 | 0.025 | [24.28; 28.24] |
ANOVA | Typical Deviation (%) | Variation Coefficient | Confidence Interval (99.7%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA | Quantity | Average (%) | Homogeneous Groups | |||
Con | 24 | 1300.8 | X | 35.3 | 0.027 | [1194.9; 1406.6] |
Mix | 24 | 1238.2 | X | 43.1 | 0.035 | [1108.9; 1367.5] |
Cer | 24 | 1258.1 | X | 36.5 | 0.029 | [1148.7; 1367.6] |
ANOVA | Typical Deviation (%) | Variation Coefficient | Confidence Interval (99.7%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA | Quantity | Average (%) | Homogeneous Groups | |||
Con | 24 | 2210.3 | X | 38.3 | 0.017 | [2095.6; 2325.1] |
Mix | 24 | 2141.8 | X | 26.0 | 0.012 | [2063.8; 2219.7] |
Cer | 24 | 2136.1 | X | 25.5 | 0.012 | [2059.6; 2212.6] |
ANOVA | Typical Deviation (%) | Variation Coefficient | Confidence Interval (99.7%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA | Quantity | Average (%) | Homogeneous Groups | |||
Con | 36 | 6.35 | X | 0.57 | 0.089 | [4.66; 8.05] |
Mix | 36 | 6.70 | X | 0.68 | 0.102 | [4.65; 8.75] |
Cer | 36 | 7.30 | X | 0.58 | 0.079 | [5.56; 9.04] |
Mineral Phase | Calcite | Quartz | Gypsum | Sanidine | Phlogopite | Basanite |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA–Con | **** | ***** | * | * | * | * |
RA–Cer | **** | ***** | ** | ** | ** | * |
RA–Mix | **** | ***** | ** | ** | ** | * |
Mineral | RA–Con | RA–Mix | RA–Cer |
---|---|---|---|
% Calcite | 17.12 | 17.53 | 18.90 |
% Gypsum | 4.14 | 4.35 | 5.38 |
Samples | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | K2O | MgO | SiO2 | MnO | TiO2 | SO3 | P2O5 | NaO2 | I. Loss (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RA–Con | 6.22 | 11.43 | 1.52 | 2.15 | 0.65 | 66.9 | 0.035 | 0.14 | - | 0.10 | 0.38 | 9.35 |
RA–Mix | 6.88 | 10.38 | 1.27 | 2.20 | 0.57 | 68.4 | 0.025 | 0.13 | - | 0.11 | 0.24 | 9.50 |
RA–Cer | 10.26 | 16.85 | 2.84 | 2.38 | 1.75 | 43.7 | - | 0.35 | 4.32 | 0.12 | 0.80 | 16.25 |
Test | Regulation | RA–Con | RA–Mix | RA–Cer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chloride content (%) | UNE–EN 1744-1 | 0.0054 | 0.0026 | 0.0041 |
Total sulfur (%) | UNE–EN 1744-1 | 0.69 | 0.81 | 0.92 |
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Saiz Martínez, P.; Ferrández, D.; Melane-Lavado, A.; Zaragoza-Benzal, A. Characterization of Three Types of Recycled Aggregates from Different Construction and Demolition Waste: An Experimental Study for Waste Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043709
Saiz Martínez P, Ferrández D, Melane-Lavado A, Zaragoza-Benzal A. Characterization of Three Types of Recycled Aggregates from Different Construction and Demolition Waste: An Experimental Study for Waste Management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043709
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaiz Martínez, Pablo, Daniel Ferrández, Alberto Melane-Lavado, and Alicia Zaragoza-Benzal. 2023. "Characterization of Three Types of Recycled Aggregates from Different Construction and Demolition Waste: An Experimental Study for Waste Management" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043709