Analysis of Factors Influencing Air Quality in Different Periods during COVID-19: A Case Study of Tangshan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Time Periods
2.3. Data Sources
2.4. Difference-In-Differences (DID) Model
2.5. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) Model
2.6. Backward Trajectory Cluster Analysis and PSCF Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Factors Influencing Air Quality during COVID-19
3.1.1. Interannual Differences in Air Quality
3.1.2. Analysis of Significant Difference Based on DID Model
3.1.3. Impact of Meteorological Factors
3.1.4. Impact of COVID-19 Control Measures
3.2. Analysis of Factors Influencing Air Quality during the Level I Response
3.2.1. Interannual Differences in Air Quality
3.2.2. Analysis of Significant Difference Based on DID Model
3.2.3. Impact of COVID-19 Control Measures Based on MLR Model
3.3. Analysis of Factors Influencing Air Quality during the Spring Festival
3.3.1. Interannual Differences in Air Quality
3.3.2. Impact of Meteorological Conditions
3.3.3. Impact of the Regional Transport
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Economic Indicator | Unit | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | ||
GDP of the Secondary Industry | Billion Yuan | 82.21 | 188.79 | 73.69 | 171.49 | 91.91 | 208.74 |
Total Profit of Manufacturing | Billion Yuan | 3.79 | 16.46 | 1.57 | 8.35 | / | / |
Product Output | |||||||
Steel | Million Tons | 34.12 | 40.41 | 34.74 | 44.46 | 38.74 | 37.53 |
Coal | Million Tons | 5.98 | 5.73 | 5.60 | 5.47 | 5.07 | 4.80 |
Cement | Million Tons | 3.92 | 9.05 | 3.42 | 10.88 | 5.64 | 10.90 |
Power Generation | Billion kWh | 16.6 | 15.6 | 16.8 | 16.9 | 19.7 | 16.4 |
Electricity Consumption | |||||||
Industry | Billion kWh | 16.72 | 18.08 | 15.18 | 18.18 | 17.26 | 18.29 |
Construction | Billion kWh | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.17 |
Urban and Rural Life | Billion kWh | 1.36 | 1.08 | 1.52 | 1.14 | 1.75 | 1.21 |
Operating Income of Transportation, Warehousing and Postal Industry | Billion Yuan | 8.52 | 13.22 | 7.77 | 15.18 | 8.51 | 14.15 |
Study | Region | Phenomenon | Reason |
---|---|---|---|
[19] | Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) | Persistent high PM2.5 pollution. | Unfavorable meteorological conditions. |
[50] | BTH | Two large-scale air pollution events led to higher concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO. | Regional transport and unfavorable meteorological conditions. |
[51] | Beijing, Tianjin, and Baoding | Heavy haze pollution. | Inter-transport of PM2.5 in the BTH region and unfavorable meteorological conditions. |
[52] | BTH | Higher aerosol and PM2.5 levels in February and March 2020. | Enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity. |
[47] | Eastern China | The concentration of PM2.5 increased during the COVID-19 lockdown. | Enhanced secondary pollution offset reduction in primary emissions. |
[53] | Baoding | A heavy pollution event. | Regional transport and unfavorable meteorological conditions. |
[54] | Beijing | Heavy PM2.5 pollution. | The initial regional transport and later secondary formation under adverse meteorology. |
[54] | Henan | Heavy PM2.5 pollution. | The primary emissions and small-scale regional transport. |
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Wu, W.-L.; Shan, C.-Y.; Liu, J.; Zhao, J.-L.; Long, J.-Y. Analysis of Factors Influencing Air Quality in Different Periods during COVID-19: A Case Study of Tangshan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054199
Wu W-L, Shan C-Y, Liu J, Zhao J-L, Long J-Y. Analysis of Factors Influencing Air Quality in Different Periods during COVID-19: A Case Study of Tangshan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054199
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Wen-Lu, Chun-Yan Shan, Jing Liu, Jing-Lin Zhao, and Jin-Yun Long. 2023. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Air Quality in Different Periods during COVID-19: A Case Study of Tangshan, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054199