Association between Chronic Environmental Lead (Pb) Exposure and Cytokines in Males and Females of Reproductive Age from Kabwe, Zambia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Target Population
2.2. Sampling Strategy
2.3. Cytokine Assay
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. BLLs and Demographic Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Plasma TNF-α and IL-8 Cytokines in Female and Male Adults
3.3. Comparative Association between Pb Exposure and Plasma Cytokines in Female and Male Adults
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender: Female | Low BLL (n = 47) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | High BLL (n = 21) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | p-Values |
BLL (µg/dL) | 3.76 ± 2.21 (0.79–7.59) | 23.5 ± 7.95 (14.1–42.5) | <0.001 * |
Age (years) | 37.7 ± 12.3 (27–69) | 36.5 ± 14.6 (21–68) | 0.511 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 5.23 (15.2–37.9) | 24.1 ± 4.07 (18.4–31.9) | 0.695 |
Smoking status | Never smoked | Never smoked | |
Gender: Male | Low BLL (n = 43) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | High BLL (n = 18) Mean ± SD (Min–Max) | p-Values |
BLL (µg/dL) | 4.13 ± 2.12 (1.18–7.96) | 23.7 ± 7.28 (15.5–40.7) | <0.001 * |
Age (years) | 39.3 ± 13.4 (19–72) | 47.7 ± 12.5 (21–66) | 0.008 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 5.03 (18.6–38) | (21.9 ± 3.00 (16.2–29.7) | 0.293 |
Smoking status | Never smoked | Never smoked |
Variables | BMI | Age | IL-8 | TNF-α | BLL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | - | - | |||
Age (years) | 0.322 * | ||||
IL-8 (pg/mL) | −0.091 | 0.084 | |||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | −0.104 | 0.061 | 0.288 * | - | |
BLL (µg/dL) | −0.145 | −0.183 | −0.028 | −0.150 |
Variables | BMI | Age | IL-8 | TNF-α | BLL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | - | - | |||
Age (years) | 0.172 | ||||
IL-8 (pg/mL) | −0.048 | −0.069 | |||
TNF-α (pg/mL) | −0.035 | −0.075 | 0.163 | - | |
BLL (µg/dL) | −0.137 | 0.372 * | 0.050 | −0.133 |
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Kataba, A.; Yohannes, Y.B.; Nakata, H.; Yabe, J.; Toyomaki, H.; Muzandu, K.; Zyambo, G.; Ikenaka, Y.; Choongo, K.; Ishizuka, M.; et al. Association between Chronic Environmental Lead (Pb) Exposure and Cytokines in Males and Females of Reproductive Age from Kabwe, Zambia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085596
Kataba A, Yohannes YB, Nakata H, Yabe J, Toyomaki H, Muzandu K, Zyambo G, Ikenaka Y, Choongo K, Ishizuka M, et al. Association between Chronic Environmental Lead (Pb) Exposure and Cytokines in Males and Females of Reproductive Age from Kabwe, Zambia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(8):5596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085596
Chicago/Turabian StyleKataba, Andrew, Yared Beyene Yohannes, Hokuto Nakata, John Yabe, Haruya Toyomaki, Kaampwe Muzandu, Golden Zyambo, Yoshinori Ikenaka, Kennedy Choongo, Mayumi Ishizuka, and et al. 2023. "Association between Chronic Environmental Lead (Pb) Exposure and Cytokines in Males and Females of Reproductive Age from Kabwe, Zambia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8: 5596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085596