Evaluation of Changes in Effluent Quality from Industrial Complexes on the Korean Nationwide Scale Using a Self-Organizing Map
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Quality Data
2.2. Modeling Changes in Water Quality
Watershed | Site number | Industrial complex | Survey period (year.month) | Watershed | Site number | Industrial complex | Survey period (year.month) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Han River | 1 | Gangneung | 1992.03–2008.12 | Nakdong River | 33 | Gumi | 1992.03-2008.12 | |
2 | Seoul Digital | 1992.03–2008.12 | 34 | Gimcheon | 1994.01–2008.12 | |||
3 | Banwol1 | 1989.02–2008.12 | 35 | Dalseong | 1990.01–2008.12 | |||
4 | Banwol2 | 1989.02–2008.12 | 36 | Daegu 3rd | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
5 | Banwol3 | 1989.02–2008.12 | 37 | Daegu Geomdan | 1990.01–2008.12 | |||
6 | Banwol4 | 1992.03–2008.12 | 38 | Masan | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
7 | Banwol Plating | 1994.01–2008.12 | 39 | Petrochemical1 | 1989.02–2008.12 | |||
8 | Seonam Wastewater treatment | 1992.03–2008.12 | 40 | Petrochemical2 | 1990.01–2008.12 | |||
9 | Songtan | 1994.01–2008.12 | 41 | Petrochemical3 | 1998.02–2008.12 | |||
10 | Sihaw | 1995.01–2008.12 | 42 | Yangsan | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
11 | Anseong | 1992.03–2008.12 | 43 | Onsan1 | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
12 | Yeongdeungpo Mechanical | 1992.03–2008.12 | 44 | Onsan2 | 1989.02–2008.12 | |||
13 | Wonju | 1989.01–2008.12 | 45 | Waewan | 2001.02–2008.12 | |||
14 | Incheon 5, 6 | 1992.03–2008.12 | 46 | Yonggang | 1994.01–2008.12 | |||
15 | Incheon | 2002.01–2008.12 | 47 | Ulsan1 | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
16 | Incheon Namdong | 1992.03–2008.12 | 48 | Ulsan2 | 1998.02–2008.12 | |||
17 | Incheon local | 1992.03–2008.12 | 49 | Ulsan3 | 1998.02–2008.12 | |||
18 | Cheonheung | 1995.01–2008.12 | 50 | Jinju | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
19 | Chuncheon | 1989.01–2008.12 | 51 | Jinhae Macheon | 1994.01–2008.12 | |||
20 | Chungju | 1998.02–2008.12 | 52 | Changwon | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
21 | Hyangnam Pharmaceutical | 1992.03–2008.12 | 53 | Pohang | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
Geum River | 22 | Gunsan | 2003.01–2008.12 | Yeongsan River/Seumjin River | 54 | Gwangyang | 1990.01–2008.12 | |
23 | Daejeon | 1989.01–2008.12 | 55 | Gwangju1 | 2003.01–2008.12 | |||
24 | Daejeon | 1989.01–2008.12 | 56 | Gwangju2 | 2003.01–2008.12 | |||
25 | Daejeon | 1994.01–2008.12 | 57 | Gwangju3 | 2003.01–2008.12 | |||
26 | Daepung | 1998.02–2008.12 | 58 | Daebul | 2002.01–2008.12 | |||
27 | Iri | 1989.01–2008.12 | 59 | Yeocheon1 | 1999.01–2008.12 | |||
28 | Jeonju | 1989.01–2008.12 | 60 | Yeocheon2 | 1989.01–2008.12 | |||
29 | Jeongeup | 1990.01–2008.12 | 61 | Ocheon | 1990.01–2008.12 | |||
30 | Cheongju1 | 1989.07–2008.12 | ||||||
31 | Cheongju2 | 1992.01–2008.12 | ||||||
32 | Hyungdo | 1995.01–2008.12 |
Variables | Survey period | Samples/year | Mean | SE * | Valid N ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physico-chemical variables | |||||
DO (mg/L) | 1989–2008 | 24 | 5.11 | 0.07 | 959 |
BOD (mg/L) | 1989–2008 | 24 | 40.77 | 1.81 | 959 |
COD (mg/L) | 1989–2008 | 24 | 36.98 | 1.18 | 959 |
TSS (mg/L) | 1989–2008 | 24 | 32.59 | 1.12 | 959 |
TC *** × 105 (mg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 47.0 | 16.3 | 959 |
TN (mg/L) | 1994–2008 | 12 | 21.72 | 0.75 | 776 |
TP (mg/L) | 1994–2008 | 12 | 1.51 | 0.07 | 777 |
Priority pollutants | |||||
Cd (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 3.42 | 0.36 | 959 |
Cy (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 28.56 | 5.68 | 959 |
Pb (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 17.44 | 2.23 | 959 |
Cr6+ (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 1.51 | 0.31 | 959 |
As (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 1.77 | 0.19 | 959 |
Hg (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 959 |
Cu (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 170.21 | 35.06 | 959 |
Zn (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 352.42 | 43.28 | 941 |
Phenol (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 50.73 | 7.43 | 941 |
Non-priority pollutants | |||||
Mn (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 294.5 | 15.19 | 941 |
Fe (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 683.17 | 33.12 | 941 |
n-Hexane (μg/L) | 1989–2008 | 12 | 1,325.45 | 60.01 | 941 |
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Water Quality
3.2. Pattern of Water Quality Changes
3.3. Differences in Water Quality among SOM Clusters
Variables | Cluster | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
Physico-chemical variables | ||||||||
DO (mg/L) | 6.22 (0.12)a | 5.54 (0.22)ab | 4.92 (0.39)bc | 5.18 (0.2)b | 4.99 (0.18)b | 4.99 (0.18)b | 5.13 (0.4)b | 3.34 (0.28)c |
BOD (mg/L) | 18.41 (2.43)d | 22.21 (4.61)cd | 37.08 (8.25)b | 36.74 (4.29)bc | 34.74 (3.79)c | 32.08 (3.69)c | 43.31 (8.43)ab | 105.74 (5.78)a |
COD (mg/L) | 20.24 (1.39)d | 26.15 (2.64)c | 34.24 (4.74)b | 28.86 (2.46)bc | 31.23 (2.17)b | 30.75 (2.12)b | 41.91 (4.84)b | 88.07 (3.31)a |
TSS (mg/L) | 18.42 (1.32)d | 18.63 (2.5)cd | 28.77 (4.49)b | 30.48 (2.33)b | 28.54 (2.06)b | 26.39 (2.01)bc | 28.44 (4.58)b | 62.06 (3.14)a |
TC × 105(mg/L) | 12.4 (11.2)c | 2.7 (21.3)b | 12.5 (38.2)b | 14.6 (19.8)b | 10.3 (17.5)b | 48.8 (17.1)b | 12.9 (39.0)ab | 37.8 (26.7)a |
TN (mg/L) | 13.87 (1.1)c | 22.33 (2.09)b | 25.03 (3.73)ab | 22.74 (1.94)b | 18.48 (1.71)b | 24.74 (1.67)b | 39.56 (3.82)a | 54.49 (2.61)a |
TP (mg/L) | 1.25 (0.11)b | 1.08 (0.21)b | 2.1 (0.38)ab | 1.33 (0.2)b | 1.87 (0.18)b | 1.56 (0.17)b | 1.8 (0.39)b | 2.65 (0.27)a |
Priority pollutant variables | ||||||||
Cd (μg/L) | 0.13 (0.43)f | 11.74 (0.83)a | 1.59 (1.48)bc | 0.53 (0.77)de | 0.41 (0.68)ef | 2.3 (0.66)cd | 29.07 (1.51)a | 0.83 (1.04)b |
Cy (μg/L) | 1.19 (9.22)e | 1.66 (17.52)de | 9.98 (31.39)b | 0.96 (16.3)d | 15.81 (14.4)bc | 10.67 (14.04)cd | 119.1 (32.06)b | 258.56 (21.97)a |
Pb (μg/L) | 0.44 (2.39)b | 27.53 (4.53)a | 21.62 (8.12)a | 14.58 (4.22)a | 1.48 (3.73)b | 0.22 (3.63)b | 38.49 (8.29)a | 57.39 (5.68)a |
Cr6+ (μg/L) | 0.37 (0.46)c | 0.01 (0.88)c | 0.28 (1.57)abc | 0.35 (0.81)c | 0.05 (0.72)c | 0.35 (0.7)c | 5.22 (1.6)ab | 8.59 (1.1)a |
As (μg/L) | 2.01 (0.21)c | 1.21 (0.41)c | 1.29 (0.73)bc | 0.36 (0.38)cd | 0.85 (0.33)c | 0.07 (0.33)d | 3.17 (0.75)ab | 5.47 (0.51)a |
Hg (μg/L) | 0.01 (0.01)b | 0.06 (0.01)b | 0.02 (0.02)b | 0.00 (0.01)b | 0.02 (0.01)b | 0.00 (0.01)b | 0.08 (0.02)ab | 0.10 (0.02)a |
Cu (μg/L) | 11.8 (28.9)f | 35.6 (55.0)cd | 462.7 (98.5)bc | 45.2 (51.2)de | 31.3 (45.2)e | 49.6 (44.1)c | 176.1 (100.6)ab | 958.4 (68.9)a |
Zn (μg/L) | 78.9 (75.8)e | 236.9 (144.1)bc | 708.4 (258.0)ab | 172.2 (134.0)cd | 130.3 (118.4)d | 239.1 (115.4)b | 999.8 (263.5)a | 2,054.9 (180.6)a |
Phenol (μg/L) | 1.5 (12.0)b | 0.6 (22.8)b | 29.6 (40.8)a | 2.4 (21.2)b | 62.0 (18.7)a | 0.6 (18.2)b | 22.7 (41.6)a | 443.4 (28.5)a |
Non-priority pollutant variables | ||||||||
Mn (μg/L) | 128.7 (25.1)c | 418.3 (47.8)b | 293.4 (85.5)ab | 200.1 (44.4)b | 196.2 (39.2)b | 384.1 (38.3)b | 1045.4 (87.4)a | 491.1 (59.9)a |
Fe (μg/L) | 251.0 (40.5)d | 454.1 (76.9)b | 544.6 (137.8)b | 497.3 (71.5)c | 413.9 (63.2)c | 568.4 (61.6)bc | 587.1 (140.7)ab | 1,903.2 (96.4)a |
n-hexane (μg/L) | 648.4 (92.9)c | 520.3 (176.6)b | 1,504.9 (316.2)b | 1,426.8 (164.2)b | 1,215.4 (145.1)b | 1,014.9 (141.4)b | 1,871.1 (323.0)b | 3,536.7 (221.3)a |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
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Bae, M.-J.; Kim, J.-S.; Park, Y.-S. Evaluation of Changes in Effluent Quality from Industrial Complexes on the Korean Nationwide Scale Using a Self-Organizing Map. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 1182-1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041182
Bae M-J, Kim J-S, Park Y-S. Evaluation of Changes in Effluent Quality from Industrial Complexes on the Korean Nationwide Scale Using a Self-Organizing Map. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(4):1182-1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041182
Chicago/Turabian StyleBae, Mi-Jung, Jun-Su Kim, and Young-Seuk Park. 2012. "Evaluation of Changes in Effluent Quality from Industrial Complexes on the Korean Nationwide Scale Using a Self-Organizing Map" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 4: 1182-1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041182