Experimentally Measured Thermal Masses of Adsorption Heat Exchangers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Mass Ratios of Heat Exchangers
1.2. Thermal Masses of Heat Exchangers
2. Methodology
2.1. The Definition of Heat Exchanger Thermal Mass
2.2. Definition of a Relevant Control Volume
2.3. The Role of Heat Transfer Fluid
2.4. The Role of Heat Exchanger Enclosures
3. Experimental Results for Specific Thermal Mass
3.1. Flat Tube–Fin—Packed (Water as Refrigerant)
3.2. Flat Tube–Fin—Packed (Ethanol as Refrigerant)
3.3. Flat Tube–Fin—Coated
3.4. Flat Tube–Fin—Coated
3.5. Round Tube–Corrugated Fin—Coated and Packed (Water as Refrigerant)
3.6. Modular Finned Tube
3.7. Shell–Tube
3.8. Plate–Shell
3.9. Fiber Heat Exchangers
3.10. Summary of Experimental Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | area (m2) |
AC | activated carbon |
AT | approach temperature (K) |
c | specific heat capacity (kJ1kg−1K−1) |
ceffective | effective specific heat |
HTS | high temperature salt |
HX | heat exchanger |
LTS | low temperature salt |
m | mass (kg) |
MR | mass ratio (kgHX/kgsorbent) |
STM | specific thermal mass |
TM | thermal mass (kJ/kg) |
V | volume (m3) |
Y | ratio of refrigerant (sorbate) mass to sorbent mass (kgref/kgsorbent) |
Greek | |
density (kg/m3) | |
ω | humidity ratio (kgw/kgda) |
Subscripts | |
0 | initial |
HTF | heat transfer fluid |
liq | liquid |
mat | material (non-HTF, non-sorbent), typically metals, comprising the heat exchanger |
total | total (thermal mass) |
ref | refrigerant (sorbate) |
sorb | sorbent |
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Sorbent Material Mass (kg) | Non-Sorbent Material Mass (kg) |
---|---|
Live mass | Dead mass |
Active mass | Inactive mass |
Active mass | Inert mass |
Host or active mass | Guest material |
System and Working Pair | HX | HTF | Specific Thermal Mass: TM/msorb (kJ1K−1kgsorb−1) | ceffective:TM/mHX (kJ1K−1kgHX−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adsorption: water/FAM-Z02 | Coated round tube–plain fin | Water | 5.62* | 1.64* | [10,14] |
Adsorption: water/FAM-Z02 | Coated round tube–corrugated fin | Silicon oil | 4.17* | 0.77* | [15] |
Water | 7.01* | 1.28* | |||
Adsorption: water/FAM-Z02 | Packed round tube–corrugated fin | Silicon oil | 5.96*1 2.53*2 | 0.77*1 0.78*2 | [12,15] |
Water | 10.30*1 3.98*2 | 1.31*1 1.21*2 | |||
Resorption: ammonia/MnCl2 (HTS)/BaCl2 (LTS) | Packed shell–tube | Not reported | 2.34† (HTS) 2.18† (LTS) | 0.49† (HTS) 0.47† (LTS) | [18] |
Resorption: ammonia/MnCl2 (HTS)/NH4Cl (LTS) | Coated annular tube | Not reported | 4.77† (HTS) 3.85† (LTS) | 0.47† (HTS) 0.48† (LTS) | [16] |
Resorption: ammonia/MnCl2 (HTS)/NaBr (LTS) | Packed fin–tube | Not reported | 4.55† (HTS) 5.00† (LTS) | 0.47† (HTS) 0.47† (LTS) | [17] |
Material | Specific Heat Capacity (kJ1kg−1K−1) | Density (kg1m−³) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Activated carbon (monolithic) | 1.05 | 750 | [19] |
Aluminum (purity > 99%) | 0.91 | 2700 | [20] |
Ammonia (liquid) | 4.60 | 639 | [21] |
Binder SilRes MP50 E | 1.27 | Not used | Measured |
TiAPSO SCT-323 | 0.90 | Not used | Estimated value |
Adsorbent SAPO-34 directly crystallized | 0.90 | 1500 | [22] |
Copper | 0.385 | 8.96 | [23] |
Water | 4.19 | 1,000 | [20] |
AQSOA FAM Z02 grains | 0.69 | Not used | [24] |
AQSOA FAM Z02 powder | 0.822 | 600–700 | [24,25] |
Silicon oil (HL80, Julabo) | 1.726 | 910 | [26] |
Siogel | 0.62 | Not used | [24] |
Activated carbon | 1.1 | Not used | [27] |
Silane binder | 1.3 | Not used | [28] |
Stainless steel (316) | 0.49 | 7954 | [29] |
MnCl2–graphite 1:2 mixture | 1.24 | 470 | [16] |
NH4Cl–graphite 1:2 mixture | 0.611 | 470 | [16] |
MnCl2–graphite 13:7 mixture | 0.61 | 495 | [17,18] |
BaCl2–graphite 13:7 mixture | 0.51 | 507 | [17,18] |
MnCl2–graphite 13:7 mixture | 0.611 | 310 | [17] |
NaBr–graphite 13:7 mixture | 0.541 | 300 | [17] |
Component (Section) | Working Pair (refr./Sorbent) | HTF | TMtotal (kJ1K−1) | Sorbent Mass msorb (kgsorb) | HX Mass*mHX (kgHX) | MR, mHX/msorb (kgHX1 kgsorb−1) | STM, TM/msorb (kJ1K−1kgsorb−1) | ceffective TM/mHX (kJ1K−1 kgHX−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flat tube–fin, packed (Section 3.1) | Water/silica gel | Water | 1.92 | 0.31 | 1.12 | 3.58 | 6.10 | 1.70 |
Flat tube–fin, packed (Section 3.1) | Water/zeolite | Water | 1.90 | 0.26 | 1.07 | 4.12 | 7.31 | 1.78 |
Flat tube–fin, packed (Section 3.2) | Ethanol/AC | Water | 4.66 | 0.60 | 3.05 | 5.08 | 7.77 | 1.53 |
Flat tube–fin, coated (Section 3.3) | Water/zeolite | Water | 1.80 | 0.092 | 0.90 | 9.80 | 19.58 | 2.00 |
Flat tube–fin, coated (Section 3.4) | Water/zeolite | Water | 1.97 | 0.45 | 1.24 | 2.77 | 4.40 | 1.59 |
Round tube–fin, packed (Section 3.5) | Water/FAM-Z02 | Silicon oil | 2.98 | 0.5 | 3.86 | 7.72 | 5.96 | 0.77 |
3.80 | 1.5 | 4.86 | 3.24 | 2.53 | 0.78 | |||
Round tube–fin, packed (Section 3.5) | Water/FAM-Z02 | Water | 5.15 | 0.5 | 3.94 | 7.87 | 10.30 | 1.31 |
5.97 | 1.5 | 4.94 | 3.29 | 3.98 | 1.21 | |||
Round tube–fin, coated (Section 3.5) | Water/FAM-Z02 | Silicon oil | 3.20 | 0.766 | 4.12 | 5.39 | 4.17 | 0.77 |
Round tube–fin, coated (Section 3.5) | Water/FAM-Z02 | Water | 5.37 | 0.766 | 4.20 | 5.49 | 7.01 | 1.28 |
Round tube–fin, coated (1.2) | Water/zeolite | Water | 14.1 | 2.82 | 9.68 | 1.84 | 5.00 | 1.46 |
Modular finned tube (Section 3.6) | NH3/A | Water | 0.6 | 0.078 | 0.71 | 9.1 | 7.7 | 0.85 |
Shell–tube (Section 3.7) | NH3/AC | Water | 2.75 | 1.12 | 3.05 | 2.72 | 2.46 | 0.9 |
Plate–shell (Section 3.8) | NH3/nanocoated halide salt | Water | 20.8 | 3.4 | 13.56 | 3.99 | 6.12 | 1.53 |
Flat tube–fiber (Section 3.9) | Water/zeolite | Water | 18.58 | 3.30 | 13.69 | 4.15 | 5.63 | 1.36 |
Component (Section) | Masses | Thermal Masses | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HTF (kg) | Metal (kg) | Sorbentmsorb (kgsorb) | HTF (kJ1K−1) | Metal (kJ1K−1) | Sorbent (kJ1K−1) | |
Flat tube–fin, packed (Section 3.1) | 0.3 (water) | 0.51 | 0.31 | 1.25 | 0.46 | 0.226 |
Flat tube–fin, packed (Section 3.1) | 0.3 (water) | 0.51 | 0.26 | 1.25 | 0.46 | 0.195 |
Flat tube–fin, packed (Section 3.2) | 0.55 (water) | 1.9 | 0.60 | 2.30 | 1.73 | 0.66 |
Flat tube–fin, coated (Section 3.3) | 0.3 (water) | 0.51 | 0.084 (sorbent) 0.009 (binder) | 1.25 | 0.46 | 0.074 |
Flat tube–fin, coated (Section 3.4) | 0.25 (water) | 0.47 (Al) | 0.45 | 1.05 | 0.42 | 0.501 |
Round tube–fin, packed (Section 3.5) | 0.76 (silicon oil) 0.83 (water) | 2.1 (copper) 0.5 (Al) | 0.5 1.5 | 1.31 3.49 | 1.25 | 0.41 1.23 |
Round tube–fin, coated (Section 3.5) | 0.76 (silicon oil) 0.83 (water) | 2.1 (copper) 0.5 (Al) | 0.766 | 1.31 3.49 | 1.25 | 0.63 |
Round tube–fin, coated (1.2) | 1.66 (water) | 5.20 | 2.82 | 6.96 | 4.68 | 4.23 |
Modular finned tube (Section 3.6) | 5e-4 (air) | 0.636 | 0.078 | 5e-4 | 0.53 | 0.07 |
Shell–tube (Section 3.7) | 0.222 (water) | 1.71 | 1.12 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 1 |
Plate–shell (Section 3.8) | 2.36 (water) | 7.8 (stainless steel) | 3.4 | 9.86 | 3.82 | 5.44 |
Fiber heat exchanger (Section 3.9) | 1.9 (water) | 8.5 (Al) | 3.3 | 7.94 | 7.65 | 2.97 |
Component (Section) | Header Mass (Mass Difference between HX-Only and HX Core-Only) | Header Thermal Mass (Difference between HX-Only and HX Core-Only) | Thermal Mass, HX Core-Only | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HTF (kg) | Metal (kg) | (kJ1K−1) | (kJ1K−1) | |
Adsorber, flat tube–fin, coated (Section 3.4) | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.76 | 1.21 |
Adsorber, round tube–fin, packed (Section 3.5) 1 HTF: silicon oil | 0.30 | 1.49 | 1.08 | 1.90 (0.5 kg packed) 2.12 (0.766 kg coated) |
Adsorber, round tube–fin, packed (Section 3.5) 1 HTF: water | 0.33 | 1.49 | 1.93 | 3.22 (0.5 kg packed) 3.44 (0.766 kg coated) |
Adsorber, shell–tube (Section 3.7) | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 2.23 |
Adsorber, fiber heat exchanger (Section 3.9) | 0.83 | 2.23 | 5.48 | 13.08 |
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Gluesenkamp, K.R.; Frazzica, A.; Velte, A.; Metcalf, S.; Yang, Z.; Rouhani, M.; Blackman, C.; Qu, M.; Laurenz, E.; Rivero-Pacho, A.; et al. Experimentally Measured Thermal Masses of Adsorption Heat Exchangers. Energies 2020, 13, 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051150
Gluesenkamp KR, Frazzica A, Velte A, Metcalf S, Yang Z, Rouhani M, Blackman C, Qu M, Laurenz E, Rivero-Pacho A, et al. Experimentally Measured Thermal Masses of Adsorption Heat Exchangers. Energies. 2020; 13(5):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051150
Chicago/Turabian StyleGluesenkamp, Kyle R., Andrea Frazzica, Andreas Velte, Steven Metcalf, Zhiyao Yang, Mina Rouhani, Corey Blackman, Ming Qu, Eric Laurenz, Angeles Rivero-Pacho, and et al. 2020. "Experimentally Measured Thermal Masses of Adsorption Heat Exchangers" Energies 13, no. 5: 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051150