Assessment of Permian Zubers as the Host Rock for Deep Geological Disposal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Mineral Composition
3.2. Loss of Mass and Thermal Expansion as a Result of Heating
- h0—initial sample length;
- h—sample length after heating.
3.3. Sorption Properties
- I0—initial frequency of the decay counts in the solution of radioactive isotopes in brine;
- I—frequency of the decay counts in specific time after granulated sample addition.
3.4. Geomechanical Properties
3.4.1. Ultrasound Testing
3.4.2. Deformation and Strength Tests
3.4.3. Rheological Properties
- Q—free activation energy (J·mol−1);
- R—gas constant 8.3144 J·mol−1·K−1 = 1.987 cal·mol−1·K−1;
- T—temperature (in absolute scale) (K).
4. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Short-Term Compression Tests at Constant Stress Rate | Short-Term Compression Tests at Constant Strain Rate | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Water-Insoluble Minerals(%) | Confining Pressure (MPa) | Maximum Effective Stress (MPa) | Maximum Axial Strain (%) | Young’s Modulus (GPa) | Sample | Water-Insoluble Minerals (%) | Strain Rate (s−1) | Maximum Effective Stress (MPa) | Maximum Axial Strain (%) | Dynamic Modulus Of Elasticity (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio (-) | |
E1 | E2 | ||||||||||||
B27 | 38.6 | 2 | 42.1 | 2.2 | 12.0 | 18.8 | B3 | 24.5 | 10−4 | 50.0 | 9.6 | 43.8 | 0.37 |
B59 | 42.7 | 32.5 | 1.57 | 8.7 | 19.2 | B14 | 71.3 | 10−5 | 31.8 | 1.1 | ** | 0.15 | |
B72 | 12.1 | 24.7 | 1.74 | * | * | B34 | 44.8 | 10−4 | 33.0 | 4.0 | 36.2 | 0.12 | |
B25 | 25.5 | 5 | 53.4 | 5.85 | 10.2 | 13.3 | B41 | 79.7 | 10−5 | 18.1 | 0.6 | ** | 0.11 |
B63 | 56.6 | 34.8 | 2.19 | * | * | B80 | 38.7 | 10−4 | 27.0 | 1.0 | 49.3 | 0.13 | |
B75 | 56.2 | 37.0 | 1.64 | 10.6 | 19.0 | B82 | 79.9 | 10−5 | 29.2 | 0.7 | ** | 0.15 | |
B24 | 38.6 | 10 | 57.1 | 3.53 | 18.5 | 24.5 | B117 | 4.3 | 10−4 | 54.5 | 9.4 | 37.5 | 0.44 |
B96 | 71.5 | 52.0 | 1.45 | 13.2 | 29.6 | B118 | 7.3 | 10−5 | 45.9 | 8.2 | 40.4 | 0.34 | |
B124 | 31.9 | 70.7 | 7.57 | 18.9 | 21.0 | B122 | 9.0 | 5 × 10−6 | 39.9 | 6.1 | 33.4 | 0.30 | |
C9 | 28.8 | 2 | 38.6 | 2.38 | 11.8 | 19.7 | C10 | 65.1 | 10−4 | 37.2 | 0.9 | 54.6 | 0.09 |
C89 | 24.9 | 47.7 | 3.13 | 11.9 | 13.7 | C13 | 47.7 | 10−5 | 39.7 | 4.1 | 34.3 | 0.23 | |
C92 | 46.7 | 37.3 | 1.37 | 10.2 | 18.7 | C33 | 46.6 | 10−4 | 36.4 | 3.8 | 27.3 | 0.09 | |
C14 | 63.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 3.81 | 12.2 | 23.8 | C36 | 46.9 | 10−5 | 27.6 | 3.8 | 30.4 | 0.14 |
C29 | 42.7 | 56.4 | 3.45 | 15.7 | 23.6 | C23 | 38.1 | 10−4 | 36.2 | 3.2 | 38.6 | 0.11 | |
C90 | 45.6 | 48.4 | 4.27 | 10.1 | 15.2 | C51 | 32.2 | 10−5 | 34.5 | 5.4 | ** | 0.17 | |
C48 | 38.0 | 10 | 67.5 | 5.98 | * | * | C99 | 23.4 | 10−4 | 35.9 | 2.8 | 32.6 | 0.21 |
C50 | 30.9 | 61.1 | 5.24 | 13.8 | 18.4 | C93 | 21.9 | 10−5 | 40.4 | 6.7 | 26.8 | 0.11 | |
C97 | 39.9 | 77.6 | 6.30 | 15.9 | 24.4 | C96 | 24.6 | 5 × 10−6 | 45.9 | 7.8 | 37.1 | 0.21 |
Sample | Water-Insoluble Minerals (%) | No. of Test Stages | Effective Stress σef (MPa) | Temp. (°C) | Time (days) | Stationary Creep Rate (‰/day) | Transient Creep (‰) | Primary Strain (‰) | A | Q/R | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B2 | 27.5 | 5 | 10 | 60 | 0–92 | 0.108 | 1.01 | 4.41 | 649.2 | ||
10 | 35 | 92–371 | 0.0361 | 1006.4 | 4495.7 | ||||||
7.5 | 35 | 371–511 | 0.0095 | 947.2 | 4.64 | ||||||
7.5 | 50 | 511–700 | 0.0158 | 609.9 | 3374.0 | ||||||
15 | 50 | 700–757 | 0.590 | 1056.5 | 5.22 | ||||||
B12 | 17.2 | 2 | 10 | 60 | 0–87 | 0.0785 | 3.85 | 5.96 | 471.9 | ||
10 | 75 | 87–150 | 0.218 | 5.71 | 580.2 | 7890.9 | |||||
B15 | 49.8 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 0–93 | 0.00503 | 0.79 | 3.38 | 345.1 | ||
7.5 | 22 | 93–156 | 0.0008 | 196.3 | 6.39 | ||||||
B19 | 23.6 | 4 | 10 | 60 | 0–87 | 0.1338 | 0.79 | 3.71 | 804.3 | ||
10 | 90 | 87–100 | 1.355 | 1707.9 | 9328.7 | ||||||
7.5 | 90 | 100–175 | 0.2693 | 1214.1 | 5.62 | ||||||
7.5 | 60 | 175–203 | 0.0345 | 741.7 | 8279.7 | ||||||
B55 | 67.9 | 1 | 10 | 60 | 0–142 | 0.00488 | 4.54 | 5.81 | 29.3 | - | - |
B88 | 47.2 | 5 | 10 | 60 | 0–92 | 0.0508 | 2.69 | 5.21 | 305.4 | ||
10 | 35 | 92–371 | 0.01345 | 375.0 | 5452.0 | ||||||
12.5 | 35 | 371–511 | 0.0413 | 428.4 | 5.01 | ||||||
12.5 | 50 | 511–688 | 0.0777 | 312.0 | 4191.5 | ||||||
15 | 50 | 688–889 | 0.2288 | 409.7 | 5.92 | ||||||
B99 | 13.7 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 0–93 | 0.0084 | 0.88 | 3.31 | 576.3 | ||
7.5 | 22 | 93–156 | 0.00108 | 265.0 | 7.13 | ||||||
B109 | 17.5 | 4 | 10 | 60 | 0–87 | 0.0526 | 2.40 | 5.76 | 316.2 | ||
10 | 90 | 87–116 | 0.5745 | 724.1 | 9633.2 | ||||||
7.5 | 90 | 116–175 | 0.398 | 1794.3 | 1.28 | ||||||
7.5 | 60 | 175–203 | 0.0881 | 1894.1 | 6076.1 | ||||||
B112 | 12.4 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 0–93 | 0.00352 | 1.74 | 4.39 | 241.5 | ||
20 | 22 | 93–156 | 0.0321 | 3.63 | 102.2 | 3.19 | |||||
B116 | 13.8 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 0–93 | 0.00505 | 1.37 | 3.45 | 346.5 | ||
15 | 22 | 93–211 | 0.0110 | 3.63 | 125.2 | 1.92 | |||||
B130 | 9.0 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 0–93 | 0.00828 | 2.22 | 4.72 | 568.1 | ||
15 | 22 | 93–211 | 0.0223 | 6.56 | 253.9 | 2.44 | |||||
B131 | 17.2 | 3 | 10 | 60 | 0–87 | 0.00382 | 1.93 | 6.22 | 23.0 | ||
10 | 90 | 87–155 | 0.0112 | 2.23 | 14.1 | 4221.1 | |||||
12.5 | 90 | 155–203 | 0.0125 | 2.46 | 28.0 | 0.62 |
Sample | Water-Insoluble Minerals (%) | No. of Test Stages | Effective Stress σef (MPa) | Temp. (°C) | Time (days) | Stationary Creep Rate (‰/day) | Transient Creep (‰) | Primary Strain (‰) | A | Q/R | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C11 | 26.3 | 1 | 12.5 | 75 | 0–114 | 0.0028 | 3.17 | 6.33 | 232.3 | ||
C27 | 64.1 | 3 | 12.5 | 90 | 0–5 | 4.31 * | 6.09 | 11,591.8 | |||
7.5 | 90 | 5–17 | 0.893 ** | 7886.9 | 3.08 | ||||||
7.5 | 60 | 17–53 | 0.367 ** | 53,059.6 | 3583.0 | ||||||
C53 | 38.2 | 2 | 10 | 60 | 0–85 | 0.0227 | 8.41 | 12.38 | 18,086.2 | ||
10 | 75 | 85–148 | 0.04 | 8.64 | 61,125.3 | 4376.7 | |||||
C55 | 27.4 | 2 | 7.5 | 90 | 0–72 | 0.211 | 4.03 | 5.58 | 11,133.0 | ||
7.5 | 60 | 72–127 | 0.0116 | 56,856.8 | 11,688.4 | ||||||
C59 | 11.9 | 2 | 10 | 60 | 0–54 | 0.1197 | 2.34 | 4.65 | 47,418.0 | ||
10 | 30 | 54–110 | 0.00245 | 18,559.8 | 13,079.5 | ||||||
C70 | 29.7 | 4 | 10 | 22 | 0–371 | 0.00648 | 3.39 | 3.74 | 14,307.2 | ||
7.5 | 22 | 371–511 | 0.00177 | 67,912.3 | 4.51 | ||||||
15 | 22 | 511–700 | 0.0102 | 4.76 | 32,388.7 | 2.53 | |||||
17.5 | 22 | 700–884 | 0.0143 | 9.03 | 19,391.0 | 2.19 | |||||
C72 | 3.9 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 0–93 | 0.00774 | 4.6 | 11.64 | 31,451.1 | ||
15 | 22 | 93–181 | 0.0178 | 5.9 | 50,766.5 | 2.05 | |||||
C74 | 44.6 | 4 | 10 | 22 | 0–371 | 0.00221 | 3.97 | 7.7 | 34,817.6 | ||
12.5 | 22 | 371–511 | 0.00852 | 4.28 | 3661.4 | 6.05 | |||||
15 | 22 | 511–700 | 0.0279 | 6.72 | 1927.2 | 6.51 | |||||
17.5 | 22 | 700–885 | 0.0348 | 6.89 | 19,402.9 | 1.43 | |||||
C82 | 2.6 | 3 | 10 | 60 | 0–87 | 0.00717 | 2.13 | 16.74 | 106,167.8 | ||
10 | 90 | 87–176 | 0.0234 | 2.92 | 46,614.3 | 4766.0 | |||||
10 | 40 | 176–204 | 0.00927 | 28,516.1 | 2104.1 | ||||||
C91 | 35.0 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 0–93 | 0.0121 | 4.24 | 7.45 | 24,434.0 | ||
7.5 | 22 | 93–156 | 0.00174 | 20,068.7 | 6.74 | ||||||
C95 | 38.8 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 0–93 | 0.00325 | 4.62 | 6.04 | 61,515.1 | ||
20 | 22 | 93–211 | 0.041 | 8.67 | 232.3 | 3.66 | |||||
C98 | 8.0 | 2 | 10 | 60 | 0–87 | 0.0393 | 1.73 | 7.96 | 11,591.8 | ||
10 | 90 | 87–150 | 0.7469 | 7886.9 | 11,865.1 |
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Type of Wave | Phase | Brown Zuber | Red Zuber | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Velocity Measured Parallel to the Sample Axis (m/s) | Velocity Measured Perpendicular to the Sample Axis (m/s) | Average Anisotropy Coefficient | Velocity Measured Parallel to the Sample Axis (m/s) | Velocity Measured Perpendicular to the Sample Axis (m/s) | Average Anisotropy Coefficient | ||
VP | I | 3551–4882 | 3857–5238 | ||||
II | 3562–4500 | 3403–4633 | 0.97 | 3062–4137 | 1857–4800 | 0.75 | |
VR | I | 1828–2130 | |||||
II | 1962–2198 | 1794–2206 | 1.01 | 1470–2071 | 1144–2109 | 1.01 |
Type of Test | Constant Rate of Stress | Constant Rate of Strain | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ3 (MPa) | σ1–σ3 (MPa) | ε1 (%) | dε1/dt (s−1) | σ1–σ3 (MPa) | ε1 (%) | |
Brown Zuber Phase I | 2 | 37.8–41.4 | 1.6–4.0 | 1 × 10−6 | 14.7–54.0 | 5.8–9.7 |
5 | 44.3–48.3 | 5.9–7.4 | 1 × 10−5 | 19.0–24.8 | 4.0–6.2 | |
10 | 47.2–60.4 | 6.8–7.3 | ||||
Brown Zuber Phase II | 2 | 22.7–40.1 | 1.6–2.2 | 1 × 10−6 | 39.9 | 6.1 |
5 | 29.8–48.4 | 1.6–5.9 | 1 × 10−5 | 18.1–45.9 | 0.6–8.2 | |
10 | 42.0–60.7 | 1.5–7.6 | 1 × 10−4 | 27.0–54.5 | 1.0–9.6 | |
Red Zuber Phase I | 2 | 39.4–43.4 | 1.4–3.4 | 1 × 10−5 | 9.5–22.3 | 1.2–4.9 |
5 | 37.1–45.6 | 3.1–3.8 | ||||
10 | 53.8–68.3 | 2.6–5.9 | ||||
Red Zuber Phase II | 2 | 35.3–45.7 | 1.4–3.1 | 1 × 10−6 | 45.9 | 7.8 |
5 | 43.4–51.4 | 3.5–4.3 | 1 × 10−5 | 27.6–40.4 | 3.8–6.7 | |
10 | 51.1–67.6 | 5.2–6.3 | 1 × 10−4 | 35.9–37.2 | 0.9–3.8 |
A (‰/day) | Q/R (K) | n | |
---|---|---|---|
Brown Zuber | 572.4 | 6294.3 | 4.1 |
Red Zuber | 32,655.1 | 7351.8 | 3.9 |
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Lankof, L. Assessment of Permian Zubers as the Host Rock for Deep Geological Disposal. Energies 2020, 13, 2239. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092239
Lankof L. Assessment of Permian Zubers as the Host Rock for Deep Geological Disposal. Energies. 2020; 13(9):2239. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092239
Chicago/Turabian StyleLankof, Leszek. 2020. "Assessment of Permian Zubers as the Host Rock for Deep Geological Disposal" Energies 13, no. 9: 2239. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092239