State-of-the-Art Grid Stability Improvement Techniques for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Stations for Future Outlooks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. TSCC Grid Stability Improvement Techniques
2.1. Partial Power Control (PPC) Technique
2.2. Mode-Based Control (MBC) Technique
2.3. Filter-Based Control (FCB) Technique
2.4. Summary of the Most Recent State-of-the-Art Achievements in TSCC Strategy
3. SSC Grid Stability Improvement Techniques
3.1. Alternating-Current-Based Control (ACBC) Technique
3.2. Summary of the Most Recent State-of-the-Art Achievements in SSC Strategy
4. Issues with TSCC Techniques for Rectifier Control for FCS Stability
4.1. Issues with PPC Technique
4.2. Issues with the MBC Technique
4.3. Issues with FBC Technique
5. Issues with SSC Control Techniques for Rectifier Control for FCS Stability
5.1. Issues with the ACBC Technique
5.2. Performance Evaluation of TSCC and SSC Control Techniques
- Transient switching issues and slow controller dynamic responses during multiple FCS operations;
- Power exchange instability and frequency fluctuation issues during multiple FCS operations at the PCC;
- Negative incremental impedance at constant EV loads and harmonic distortion losses at a higher FCS capacity of above 50 kW at the PCC.
6. Concept of Virtual Synchronous Machine-Based State of Charge Feedback Control
- A droop-based technique with the SOC feedback strategy for adaptable EV battery charge and discharge limit conditions;
- An adaptation to the system inertia for the active power and reactive power decoupling strategy for any transient changes in grid frequency, voltage, and power regulation at the PCC for a higher-rated FCS capacity of above 50 kW at the PCC;
- Adaptability to the strategy of the SOC instantaneous functioning state of the EV battery to aid in the controller’s fast, dynamic and transient response under multiple FCS operations.
7. Future Studies and Development
- An artificial-intelligence-based VSM controller with harmonic impedance compensation for inertial and load profile adaptability to the EV FCS charging condition;
- A neural-network-based VSM controller with the amplitude compensation strategy for inertia improvement and for the management of the EV battery discharge condition.
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Ref. | Strategy | Algorithm Complexity | Contribution | Drawbacks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [60,63] | PPC | Very high | Single-voltage feedback control in the DC mode; high power decoupling ability. | Major problems of harmonic distortion losses, longer charging time and slow transient response. |
2 | [61,64] | PPC | High | Cascade control structure for battery current, voltage regulation and high output voltage from low-input voltage source in FCS control. | Efficiency reduces significantly with higher ratings; FCS above 50 KW and slow dynamics response. |
3 | [65,66] | MBC | Simple | Highly adaptable to parameter variation in FCS operation. | Not suitable for multiple FCS operation; switching and power losses problem. |
4 | [67,68] | MBC | High | Reduces switching losses; robustness against voltage disturbance. | Frequency variation, power exchange instability problem; shows negative incremental impedance at constant EV load. |
5 | [72,73] | FBC | Very High | Reduces circulating current and harmonics; aids reactive power and voltage regulation. | Frequency fluctuation and instability problem at higher FCS capacity above 50 KW. |
No. | Ref. | VSM Technique | Strategy | Contribution | Drawbacks | Control Complexity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [90] | Synchronous generator (SG)-based model | VAC-PI | Accurately simulates electromagnetic characteristics of SG and requires no frequency derivative synchronization. | Possesses weak resistance to interference due to voltage open-loop control and numerical instability issues. | Very high |
2 | [80,91] | Swing equation-based | VAC-PI | Provides frequency adaptability to sudden changes in load profile. | Excitation control issues; prone to synchronous resonance; weak stability during multiple FCS operations. | Simple |
3 | [86,89] | Droop-based technique | VHI-PI | Adaptable to changes in single FCS load and enhances stability of system. | Power sharing accuracy depends on rectifier output and line impedance. | Simple |
4 | [88] | Frequency–power response-based | VHI-PI | Provides configurable output impedance and highly suitable for weak grid operation. | Stability margins are reduced with higher values of virtual resistance and it is hard to regulate dynamics. | High |
5 | [98,99] | Frequency–power response-based | VFC-PI | Provides fast response and frequency support in single FCS load. | Drift and saturation effect due to DC offset in the integrated signals lag voltage by 90° phase shift. | Simple |
6 | Proposed | Droop-based SOC technique | VSM-SOC | Adaptability to EV battery SOC. Fast transient response. Active and reactive power decoupling. Frequency and voltage regulation at PCC. Adaptable to SOC charge and discharge limit condition. It allows current limiting capability. | NIL | Simple |
No. | Refs. | FCSR | Ղ | CC | VC | PC | SC | CTHD | SF | PF | GI | MT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [23] | 3 Φ 170 kW | 95.5% | DB | DB | I, V | CS | --- | 50 kHz | 0.94 | --- | PSFM |
2 | [45] | 3 Φ 60 kW | --- | DB | DB | I, V | CS | 4.62% | 20 kHz | 0.91 | IM | PSFM |
3 | [46] | 3 Φ 150 kW | 66.6% | PI | PI | I | CS | --- | 20 kHz | --- | --- | PSM |
4 | [59] | 3 Φ 90 kW | 99.62% | PI | --- | I | CS | 8.32% | 10 kHz | 0.97 | UUML | PWM |
5 | [62] | 3 Φ 70 kW | 98.77% | PI | PI | I, V | CS | 7.527% | 10 kHz | 0.89 | UUML | PWM |
6 | [111] | 3 Φ 130 kW | 99.5% | PI | --- | I | CS | --- | 100 kHz | 0.93 | UUML | PWM |
No. | Refs. | FCSR | Ղ | SC | PC | IC | OC | GC | CTHD | PF | SF | MT | GI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [20] | 3 Φ 50 kW | 94.5% | CS | I, V | PID | PID | 10 A | 4.80% | 0.987 | 75 kHz | PWM | --- |
2 | [50] | 3 Φ 50 kW | 95.3% | GS | V | PR | PR | 59.8 A | 3.72% | 0.990 | 50 kHz | FFC | UUML |
3 | [52] | 3 Φ 150 kW | --- | CS | I, V | PI | --- | --- | 3.40% | 1.0 | 16 kHz | PWM | IM |
4 | [112] | 3 Φ 50 kW | --- | CS | I, V | PI | --- | --- | --- | 0.880 | 10 kHz | FDDC | UUML |
5 | [114] | 3 Φ 50 KW | 94.3% | CS | I | PI | --- | --- | 50.67% | 0.924 | 50 kHz | PWM | UUML |
No. | Refs. | FCSR | FT | CC | VC | PC | Ղ | GS | PF | CTHD | MT | GC | SF | GI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [19] | 3 Φ 50 kW | RL | DB | DB | --- | 98.4% | REB | 0.7 | 4.68% | NM | 36.5 A | 50 kHz | UUML |
2 | [95] | 3 Φ 100 kW | L | PI | --- | PI | 83.0% * | DCLC | 1.0 | 2.34% | SPWM | --- | 10 kHz | IM |
3 | [119] | 3 Φ 105 kW | ABPF | PID | PID | PID | 95% | --- | 0.828 | 24.82% | PWM | 37.6 A | 50 kHz | UUML |
4 | [121] | 3 Φ 50 kW | RL | PI | PI | --- | --- | ESS | 1.0 | 14.6% | SVM | 14.8 A | --- | UUML |
5 | [122] | 3 Φ 50 kW | RLC | PR | PR | --- | --- | REB | 0.9 | 4.8% | PWM | 16.7 A | 50 kHz | IM |
No. | Refs. | FCSR | GST | ղ | PC | IC | OC | GI | CTHD | GC | PF | MT | SF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [80] | 1 Φ 300 kW | DCC | 85.5% * | I, F | PI | PI | SFSL | 5.0% | 36 A | 1.0 | ZSI | I10 KHz |
2 | [83] | 1 Φ 60 kW | VHI | 90.1% * | I, V | PI | PI | --- | --- | 5 A | 1.0 | PWM | 10 kHz |
3 | [85] | 3 Φ 100 kW | VFC | 87.3% * | I, F | --- | --- | IM | 2.9% | 29 A | 1.0 | PWM | 10 kHz |
4 | [94] | 3 Φ 100 kW | VHI | 74.9% * | F | PI | PI | IM | 12.3% | 513 A | 1.0 | PWM | --- |
5 | [125] | 3 Φ 100 kW | FFC | 95.7% | I, V | PI | PI | UUML | 1.394% | --- | 0.9999 | PSM | 50 kHz |
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Momoh, K.; Zulkifli, S.A.; Korba, P.; Sevilla, F.R.S.; Afandi, A.N.; Velazquez-Ibañez, A. State-of-the-Art Grid Stability Improvement Techniques for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Stations for Future Outlooks. Energies 2023, 16, 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093956
Momoh K, Zulkifli SA, Korba P, Sevilla FRS, Afandi AN, Velazquez-Ibañez A. State-of-the-Art Grid Stability Improvement Techniques for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Stations for Future Outlooks. Energies. 2023; 16(9):3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093956
Chicago/Turabian StyleMomoh, Kabir, Shamsul Aizam Zulkifli, Petr Korba, Felix Rafael Segundo Sevilla, Arif Nur Afandi, and Alfredo Velazquez-Ibañez. 2023. "State-of-the-Art Grid Stability Improvement Techniques for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Stations for Future Outlooks" Energies 16, no. 9: 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093956